Table 3.
Unadjusted and adjusted hazard ratios for “time to death” estimated via Cox proportional hazard regression models.
| Variable | Unadjusted HR (95% CI) | P value | Adjusted HR (95% CI)† | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| COVID positive versus negative∗ | 3.61 (1.91-6.83) | <0.0001 | 2.74 (1.45-5.17) | 0.002 |
| Age | 1.03 (1.01-1.05) | 0.007 | 1.04 (1.01-1.06) | 0.004 |
| Urban versus suburban hospital | 1.35 (0.76-2.4) | 0.306 | --- | --- |
| ISS | 0.97 (0.92-1.02) | 0.226 | --- | --- |
| Obesity | 1.85 (1.04-3.0) | 0.036 | --- | --- |
| Hypertension w/ complication | 1.87 (1.03-3.38) | 0.039 | --- | --- |
| Diabetes w/ complication | 1.22 (0.67-2.25) | 0.514 | --- | --- |
| Congestive heart failure | 2.07 (1.16-3.68) | 0.013 | --- | --- |
| Renal failure | 1.27 (0.71-2.27) | 0.43 | --- | --- |
| Blood loss anemia | 0.73 (0.18-3.03) | 0.667 | --- | --- |
| Cardiac arrhythmias | 1.86 (1.01-3.45) | 0.048 | --- | --- |
| Coagulopathy | 2.70 (1.51-4.8) | <0.001 | 2.40 (1.33-4.32) | 0.004 |
| Deficiency anemia | 1.49 (0.77-2.88) | 0.234 | --- | --- |
| Depression | 0.91 (0.49-1.67) | 0.754 | --- | --- |
| Fluid and electrolyte disorders | 3.1 (1.10-8.72) | 0.032 | --- | --- |
| Other neurological disorders | 2.85 (1.57-5.18) | <0.001 | 2.67 (1.45-4.92) | 0.002 |
| Pulmonary circulation disorders | 2.0 (1.10-3.62) | 0.023 | --- | --- |
| Psychoses | 1.99 (0.71-5.55) | 0.191 | --- | --- |
| Peripheral vascular disorders | 1.49 (0.82-2.70) | 0.194 | --- | --- |
| Weight loss | 1.10 (0.60-2.03) | 0.758 | --- | --- |
CI = confidence interval; HR = hazard ratio.
∗
Patients were assumed COVID+ based on a positive PCR test or COVID diagnosis.
†
Please note our main purpose was to evaluate if the COVID status significantly affects death in trauma patients. So, only characteristics with P values <0.25 comparing COVID+ and COVID− groups (Table 1) were considered for the multivariable model. Factors with P value ≥0.25 were deemed irrelevant in this context.