. 2022 Feb 25;80(8):1856–1895. doi: 10.1093/nutrit/nuac009

Table 4.

Summary of biomarkers/metabolites and their related dietary patterns

Biomarker	Related dietary pattern(s)
25-hydroxyvitamin D	Diets based on dietary guidelines
α-linolenic acid	Mediterranean diet
γ-tocopherol	Mediterranean diet
	DASH diet^a
n–3 index	Mediterranean diet
	Healthy Nordic diet
	Diets based on dietary guidelines
Alkylresorcinol	Diets based on dietary guidelines
Calcium	DASH diet^a
Carotenoids	Mediterranean diet
Chloride	DASH diet^a
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)	Mediterranean diet
Folate	Diets based on dietary guidelines^a
Linoleic acid	Mediterranean diet^a
MUFA	Mediterranean diet
	MUFA-rich Western diet^b
Nitrites and nitrates	Vegetarian diet
Nitrogen	Healthy Nordic diet
Oleic acid	Mediterranean diet
Phosphorus	DASH diet
Potassium	DASH diet
	Diets based on dietary guidelines
Saturated fatty acids (SFAs)	Mediterranean diet^a
Sodium	DASH diet^a
	Diets based on dietary guidelines^a
Sucrose, fructose	Diets based on dietary guidelines^a
Total fatty acids	Mediterranean diet^a
Trimethylamine N-oxide	Healthy Nordic diet
	Diets based on dietary guidelines
	Low-GL diet
	Atkins diet^a^{, b}
	Low-fat diet^b
Tyrosol, hydroxytyrosol	Mediterranean diet
Vitamin B₁₂, holotranscobalamin	Vegetarian diet^a
Vitamin C	Mediterranean diet
Essential amino acids, eg, isoleucine, leucine, valine^c	Mediterranean diet
	Healthy Nordic diet
	Vegetarian diet
	Korean diet
	Atkins diet^b
Animal-based foods/meat-related metabolites^c	Mediterranean diet
	Healthy Nordic diet
	Diets based on dietary guidelines
	Vegetarian diet
	Prudent diet
	Western diet^b
Fish intake–related metabolites^c	Healthy Nordic diet
	Diets based on dietary guidelines
	Average Danish diet^b
Fruit and vegetable intake–related metabolites^c	Mediterranean diet
	Healthy Nordic diet
	Diets based on dietary guidelines
	Prudent diet
	Fast-food diet^b
Lipid intake–related metabolites^c	DASH diet
	Healthy Nordic diet
	Low-GL diet
	Vegetarian diet
	Prudent diet
	Western diet^b
	Average Danish diet^b
Protein intake–related metabolites^c	DASH diet
	Healthy Nordic diet
	Low-GL diet
	Vegetarian diet
	Prudent diet
	Low-fat diet^b
	Average Danish diet^b
Whole grains intake–related metabolites^c	Mediterranean diet
	Healthy Nordic diet

Dietary biomarker was inversely associated with the dietary pattern.

Dietary pattern investigated as a control group.

For essential amino acids and intake-related metabolites, there are both direct and inverse associations (see Table 2 for details).

Abbreviations: DASH, Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension; GL, glycemic load; MUFA, monounsaturated fatty acid.