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. 2022 Jun 24;10:868857. doi: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.868857

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Copyright © 2022 Wang, Faria, van der Laan, Penning, Masereeuw and Spee.

This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY). The use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance with accepted academic practice. No use, distribution or reproduction is permitted which does not comply with these terms.

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Gene expression in mature bile ducts. Gene expression analysis demonstrating the HFM culture maintained cholangiocyte characteristics and expressed some more mature cholangiocyte characteristics compared to M/C-cultured CLCs. Results are shown as fold change relative to the human gallbladder for cholangiocyte markers. N = 4 independent donors for M/C- and HFM-cultured CLCs in CDM conditions on day 7. Data are shown as box and whisker plots. Center line, median; box, interquartile; whiskers: minimum to maximum and show all points. Statistical differences between groups were analyzed using the two-tailed Mann–Whitney U test (see also Supplementary Table S4).