Table 5. VATS vs. RATS serum cytokine levels 24 hours post-operatively.

Cytokine	VATS median	RATS median	VATS mean	RATS mean	Mean difference 24 hours	Mean difference 95% CI	Adjusted P value	VATS SEM	RATS SEM
IL-2	0.84	0.81	1.029	0.905	0.124	−22.78 to 23.03	0.358	0.162	0.046
IL-4	1.45	1.55	1.478	1.502	−0.024	−22.93 to 22.88	0.08	0.077	0.012
IL-6	44.96	38.33	39.97	45.89	−5.921	−28.83 to 16.99	7.094	6.574	1.038
IL-8	6.64	4.52	13.220	5.724	7.498	−15.41 to 30.40	4.732	0.683	0.577
IL-10	0.78	0.78	0.901	1.049	−0.147	−23.05 to 22.76	0.157	0.165	0.024
VEGF	17.47	12.33	19.61	15.89	3.72	−19.19 to 26.63	3.596	3.265	0.523
IFNG	0.18	0.23	0.139	0.325	−0.185	−23.09 to 22.72	0.041	0.081	0.009
TNFA	1.44	1.41	1.659	1.37	0.289	−22.62 to 23.20	0.2	0.136	0.027
IL-1A	0.11	0.12	0.116	0.273	−0.157	−23.06 to 22.75	0.035	0.149	0.014
IL-1B	1.00	1.81	2.83	7.894	−5.064	−27.97 to 17.84	1.826	2.53	0.315
MCP-1	164.29	131.83	169.8	136.9	32.97	10.06 to 55.88	18.21	14.2	2.54
EGF	1.23	2.35	1.556	4.643	−3.087	−25.99 to 19.82	0.338	1.188	0.113

VATS, video-assisted thoracic surgery; RATS, robotic-assisted thoracic surgery; CI, confidence interval; SEM, standard error of the mean; IL, interleukin; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; IFNG, interferon-γ; TNFA, tumor necrosis factor-α; MCP-1, monocyte chemo-attractant protein-1; EGF, endothelial growth factor.