Table 2.

Pain prediction results in varying pain scales on vital signs data (accuracy) as compared with additional medication data arranged from higher resolution to lower resolution.

Approach	11 pain scores			6 pain scores			4 pain scores			2 pain scores
	Vitals	Vitals+medicinal	Vitals		Vitals+medicinal	Vitals		Vitals+medicinal	Vitals		Vitals+medicinal
Original data	0.301	0.442	0.363		0.463	0.432		0.689a	0.535		0.787b
VAEc data	0.343	0.476	0.391		0.493	0.472		0.706d	0.603		0.828e

^aModel with original representations using both vital and medication data for the 4 pain score rating scale.

^bModel with original representations using both vital and medication data for the 2 pain score rating scale.

^cVAE: variational autoencoder.

^dModel with deep representations using both vital and medication data for the 4 pain score rating scale.

^eBest-performing model with deep representations using both vital and medication data for the 2 pain score rating scale.