Table 3.

Area under the curve for the receiver operating characteristic for the best-performing models (models a, b, d, and e).

Approach	4 pain scores					2 pain scores
	None: 0	Mild: 1-3	Moderate: 4-6	Severe: 7-10	No or mild pain: 0-5		Severe pain: 6-10
Original data	0.82	0.85	0.88	0.83	0.91		0.89
VAEa data	0.82	0.86	0.89	0.83	0.92		0.89

^aVAE: variational autoencoder.