Table 2.
Participants’ Characteristics by Age Strata and Number of Social Determinants of Health (SDOH)
| <75 years | ≥75 years | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of SDOH | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 + | 0 | 1 | 2 | 3 + | |
| N | 4,361 | 6,289 | 4,667 | 5,182 | 566 | 1,156 | 1,004 | 1,139 | |
| N (%) or Mean (SD) or Median [IQR] | |||||||||
| Social Determinants of Health: | |||||||||
| Black race | 0 (0.0) | 1968 (31.3) | 2496 (53.5) | 4341 (83.8) | 0 (0.0) | 146 (12.6) | 382 (38.0) | 898 (78.8) | |
| Low education | 0 (0.0) | 79 (1.3) | 370 (7.9) | 1754 (33.8) | 0 (0.0) | 18 (1.6) | 119 (11.9) | 614 (53.9) | |
| Low annual household income | 0 (0.0) | 1609 (25.6) | 2890 (61.9) | 4279 (82.6) | 0 (0.0) | 657 (56.8) | 821 (81.8) | 972 (85.3) | |
| Zip code poverty | 0 (0.0) | 238 (3.8) | 923 (19.8) | 2976 (57.4) | 0 (0.0) | 25 (2.2) | 150 (14.9) | 673 (59.1) | |
| Lack of health insurance | 0 (0.0) | 80 (1.3) | 308 (6.6) | 1270 (24.5) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (0.2) | 10 (1.0) | 44 (3.9) | |
| Residence in the states with poor public health infrastructure | 0 (0.0) | 2145 (34.1) | 2061 (44.2) | 3148 (60.7) | 0 (0.0) | 274 (23.7) | 456 (45.4) | 630 (55.3) | |
| Not seeing friends or family members at least once a month | 0 (0.0) | 170 (2.7) | 286 (6.1) | 477 (9.2) | 0 (0.0) | 34 (2.9) | 70 (7.0) | 113 (9.9) | |
| Demographic Factors: | |||||||||
| Female | 1951 (44.7) | 3257 (51.8) | 2779 (59.5) | 3311 (63.9) | 173 (30.6) | 543 (47.0) | 556 (55.4) | 688 (60.4) | |
| Age | 60.8 (7.1) | 61.7 (7.1) | 62.1 (7.2) | 61.8 (7.2) | 79.3 (3.9) | 79.3 (3.7) | 79.3 (3.8) | 79.6 (4.0)* | |
| Southeast region residence | 1750 (40.1) | 3533 (56.2) | 2860 (61.3) | 3494 (67.4) | 190 (33.6) | 516 (44.6) | 546 (54.4) | 650 (57.1) | |
| Medical Conditions: | |||||||||
| History of heart disease | 548 (12.6) | 907 (14.4) | 718 (15.4) | 809 (15.6) | 179 (31.6) | 340 (29.4) | 266 (26.5) | 252 (22.1) | |
| Hypertension | 1828 (41.9) | 3365 (53.5) | 2810 (60.2) | 3579 (69.1) | 332 (58.7) | 733 (63.4) | 694 (69.1) | 838 (73.6) | |
| Dyslipidemia | 2497 (57.3) | 3602 (57.3) | 2616 (56.1) | 2822 (54.5)* | 347 (61.3) | 687 (59.4) | 579 (57.7) | 626 (55.0)* | |
| Diabetes | 468 (10.7) | 1090 (17.3) | 1088 (23.3) | 1585 (30.6) | 71 (12.5) | 172 (14.9) | 213 (21.2) | 319 (28.0) | |
| Atrial fibrillation | 252 (5.8) | 441 (7.0) | 371 (7.9) | 428 (8.3) | 92 (16.3) | 159 (13.8) | 118 (11.8) | 115 (10.1) | |
| Left ventricular hypertrophy | 52 (1.2) | 141 (2.2) | 141 (3.0) | 265 (5.1) | 27 (4.8) | 38 (3.3) | 57 (5.7) | 66 (5.8) | |
| Use of Medications: | |||||||||
| Antihypertensives | 1866 (42.8) | 3321 (52.8) | 2805 (60.1) | 3399 (65.6) | 389 (68.7) | 818 (70.8) | 728 (72.5) | 877 (77.0) | |
| Statins | 1337 (30.7) | 1883 (29.9) | 1359 (29.1) | 1412 (27.2) | 238 (42.0) | 443 (38.3) | 330 (32.9) | 369 (32.4) | |
| Insulin | 86 (2.0) | 245 (3.9) | 277 (5.9) | 481 (9.3) | 16 (2.8) | 29 (2.5) | 46 (4.6) | 94 (8.3) | |
| Functional Status: | |||||||||
| SF-12 physical component score | 53.1 [47.3, 55.9] | 51.7 [44.2, 55.5] | 49.7 [39.7, 54.7] | 46.9 [36.3, 53.2] | 51.4 [44.1, 55.3] | 48.7 [39.4, 54.2] | 46.5 [37.9, 53.0] | 45.6 [35.9, 52.4] | |
| SF-12 mental component score | 56.9 [53.3, 58.8] | 56.9 [52.9, 59.3] | 56.6 [50.9, 59.4] | 55.3 [47.2, 58.9] | 57.9 [55.2, 60.0] | 57.8 [54.0, 60.2] | 57.2 [52.7, 59.9] | 55.9 [49.5, 59.9] | |
| Health Behaviors | |||||||||
| Current cigarette smoking | 438 (10.0) | 830 (13.2) | 809 (17.3) | 1219 (23.5) | 17 (3.0) | 60 (5.2) | 82 (8.2) | 79 (6.9) | |
| Risky alcohol consumption | 265 (6.1) | 288 (4.6) | 167 (3.6) | 150 (2.9) | 35 (6.2) | 34 (2.9) | 21 (2.1) | 16 (1.4) | |
| Physical activity | 3176 (72.8) | 4374 (69.6) | 3043 (65.2) | 3206 (61.9) | 371 (65.5) | 701 (60.6) | 561 (55.9) | 600 (52.7) | |
| High adherence to Mediterranean diet | 987 (22.6) | 1390 (22.1) | 807 (17.3) | 660 (12.7) | 156 (27.6) | 275 (23.8) | 185 (18.4) | 132 (11.6) | |
| Physiological Factors: | |||||||||
| Body mass index | 28.4 (5.3) | 29.3 (5.9) | 30.3 (6.6) | 31.2 (7.1) | 26.5 (4.1) | 27.0 (4.6) | 27.4 (5.2) | 28.5 (5.7) | |
| Systolic blood pressure | 122.8 (14.7) | 125.6 (15.5) | 127.2 (16.23) | 130.5 (17.3) | 128.9 (14.9) | 130.3 (17.8) | 131.9 (16.8) | 133.2 (18.4) | |
| Diastolic blood pressure | 75.6 (8.9) | 76.6 (9.4) | 77.1 (9.4) | 78.8 (10.3) | 73.0 (9.3) | 74.0 (9.8) | 74.5 (9.6) | 75.0 (10.1) | |
| Total cholesterol | 192.7 (37.5) | 193.0 (39.3) | 194.5 (40.7) | 194.1 (42.2)* | 178.5 (35.2) | 183.7 (37.7) | 187.1 (38.6) | 189.9 (41.5) | |
| High density lipoprotein cholesterol | 48.0 [39.0, 60.0] | 49.0 [40.0, 61.0] | 49.0 [40.0, 61.0] | 50.0 [41.0, 61.0] | 48.0 [39.0, 59.0] | 49.0 [39.0, 60.0] | 50.0 [40.0, 62.0] | 51.0 [42.0, 63.0] | |
| C-reactive protein ≥3 | 1207 (27.7) | 2241 (35.6) | 1963 (42.1) | 2484 (47.9) | 173 (30.6) | 389 (33.7) | 356 (35.5) | 440 (38.6) | |
| Urinary Albumin/ Creatinine ratio≥30 (mg/g) | 357 (8.2) | 632 (10.1) | 631 (13.5) | 934 (18.0) | 95 (16.8) | 207 (17.9) | 215 (21.4) | 281 (24.7) | |
| Estimated GFR | 90.1 [78.6, 97.3] | 90.2 [77.5, 99.1] | 90.9 [76.4, 102.1] | 93.8 [78.4, 107.6] | 72.7 [60.4, 82.9] | 72.3 [59.9, 83.4] | 72.9 [57.0, 84.5] | 72.6* [56.4, 85.3] | |
*
p>0.05, no asterisk denotes statistical significance
Note. p-values correspond to ANOVA, Kruskal-Wallis test, Pearson’s chi-squared or Fisher’s exact test, depending on variable’s distribution