. 2021 Nov 17;50(24):13498–13558. doi: 10.1039/d1cs00600b

Summary of fluorescence-based detection using COFs.

Analyte(s)	Type of response	COF	Detection architecture	LOD	Detection range	Other detection parameters	Ref.
TNP	Turn-off	Py-Azine	Py-Azine suspension	N/A	0–70 ppm	In acetonitrile; selectivity over DNP, DNT, NP, and NT	160
TNP	Turn-off	3D-Py-COF	3D-Py-COF suspension	N/A	0–20 ppm	In DMF	177
TNP	Turn-off	SNW-1	SNW-1 suspension	0.05 μM	0.2–52.4 μM	In 10% THF aqueous solution; selectivity over NB, 4-NT, DNT, TNT, tetryl, NP, DMF, DMSO, ethanol, acetone, acetonitrile, and benzene	183
TNP	Turn-off	TfpBDH	TfpBDH-CONs suspension	N/A	0–5.4 × 10⁻⁵ M	In isopropyl alcohol; selectivity over TNT, DNP, DNT and NP	190
TNP	Turn-on	TfpBDH	Solid state TfpBDH-CONs	10⁻³ M	5.4 × 10⁻³ M	In gas phase; selectivity over TNT, DNP, DNT and NP	190
TNP	Turn-off	PI-COF	PI-CONs dispersion	0.25 μM	0.5–21 μM	In ethanol; selectivity over NB, NT, DNT, TNT, HQ, AN, PPD, NP, and DNP	191
TNP	Turn-off	TRIPTA	TRIPTA suspension	N/A	5.2 × 10⁻⁸–5.46 × 10⁻⁷ M	In acetonitrile	192
TNP	Turn-off	TAPB-TFPB	TAPB-TFPB dispersion	N/A	0–13 ppm	In acetonitrile; selectivity over DNT, p-DNB and mDNB	193
TNP	Turn-off	ⁱPrTAPB-TFPB	ⁱPrTAPB-TFPB dispersion	N/A	0–22 ppm	In acetonitrile; selectivity over DNT, p-DNB and mDNB	193
TNP	Turn-off	TAPB-TFP	TAPB-TFP dispersion	N/A	0–15 ppm	In acetonitrile; selectivity over DNT, p-DNB and mDNB	193
TNP	Turn-off	ⁱPrTAPB-TFP	ⁱPrTAPB-TFP dispersion	N/A	0–23 ppm	In acetonitrile; selectivity over DNT, p-DNB and mDNB	193
TNP	Turn-off	1	1 dispersion	N/A	2–25 μM	In water; selectivity over 4-NT, 2-NT, 2,6-DNT, NB, 2,4-DNT, and DNB	194
TNP	Turn-off	COF-BABD-DB	COF-BABD-DB suspension	N/A	1–12.5 μM	In acetonitrile; selectivity over DNP, Np, NT, NB, DNB, and DNT	200
TNP	Turn-off	COFBABD-BZ	COFBABD-BZ suspension	N/A	1–12.5 μM	In acetonitrile; selectivity over DNP, DNB, NP, NT, NB, and DNT	200
TNP	Turn-off	TPE-Ph	TPE-Ph dispersion	N/A	1–25 ppm	In acetone; selectivity over DNP, DNT, NT, and NP	201
TNP	Turn-off	ⁱPrTAPB-Azo-COP	ⁱPrTAPB-Azo-COP dispersion	N/A	0–13 ppm	In acetonitrile; selectivity over DNT and m-DNB	261
DNT	Turn-off	PAF-15	PAF-15 dispersion	N/A	1.5–150 ppm	In CHCl₃; selectivity over benzene, toluene, chlorobenzene, bromobenzene, phenol, and aniline	188
TNT	Turn-off	PAF-15	PAF-15 dispersion	N/A	1.5–150 ppm	In CHCl₃; selectivity over benzene, toluene, chlorobenzene, bromobenzene, phenol, and aniline	188
NB	Turn-off	PAF-15	PAF-15 dispersion	N/A	1.5–150 ppm	In CHCl₃; benzene, toluene, chlorobenzene, bromobenzene, phenol, and aniline	188
DNP	Turn-off	TRIPTA	TRIPTA dispersion	N/A	5.2 × 10⁻⁸–5.46 × 10⁻⁷ M	In acetonitrile	192
DNT	Turn-off	TRIPTA	TRIPTA dispersion	N/A	5.2 × 10⁻⁸–5.46 × 10⁻⁷ M	In acetonitrile	192
NP	Turn-off	TRIPTA	TRIPTA dispersion	N/A	5.2 × 10⁻⁸–5.46 × 10⁻⁷ M	In acetonitrile	192
p-DNB	Turn-off	ⁱPrTAPB-Azo-COP	ⁱPrTAPB-azo-COP dispersion	N/A	0–329 ppm	In acetonitrile; selectivity over DNT and m-DNB	261
TATP	Turn-off	3′PD	3′PD dispersion	∼1 μM	5–100 μM	In DCM	262
Janus Green	Turn-off	IMDEA-COF-1	IMDEA-COF-1 suspension	N/A	10–40 μM	In aqueous solution; selectivity over methylene blue, malachite green, bromophenol blue, crystal violet, and thionin	196
H₂O	Ratiometric	TzDa	TzDa dispersion	0.085, 0.022, 0.026, 0.006, and 0.034 wt%	1.1–7.7, 0.1–5.1, 0.5–5.1, 0.6–3.2, and 0.4–2.5 wt%	In IPA, acetone, THF, EtOAc, and ethanol	206
NH₃	Turn-off	TPE-Ph	TPE-Ph dispersion	<0.3 ppm	0.3–9.7 ppm	In toluene	175
NH₃	Turn-on	COP-1	COP-1 dispersion	0.059% (v/v)	1.16–5.80% (v/v)	In gas phase; selectivity over benzene, methylbenzene, dimethylbenzene and trichloromethane; reversible	137
HCl	Turn-off	COP-1	COP-1 solid film	0.011% (v/v)	1.16–5.80% (v/v)	In gas phase; selectivity over CO₂, SO₂, H₂S and Cl₂; reversible	137
HCl	N/A	COF-ETBA-DAB	COF-ETBA-DAB dispersion	<0.13 mM	0.13–91 mM	In 1,4-dioxane; response time <1 s	141
H₂S	Turn-on	TpASH	TpASH–NPHS dispersion	0.12 μM	1 μM–5 mM	In PBS, pH = 7.4; selectivity over Cl⁻, Br⁻, I⁻, HCO₃⁻, HPO₄²⁻, OAc⁻, NO₂⁻, SO₄²⁻, SO₃²⁻, HSO₃⁻, S₂O₃²⁻, S₂O₅²⁻, GSH, Cys, Hcy, ClO⁻ and H₂O₂; imaging in live cells, tumor tissues, cirrhotic liver model	251
Cr³⁺	Turn-off	PI	PI nanosheet suspension	N/A	1 × 10⁻⁴–1 × 10⁻² M	In water; K⁺, Ca²⁺, Cd²⁺, Pb²⁺, Mn²⁺, Hg²⁺, Mg²⁺, Co²⁺, Cu²⁺, and Zn²⁺	213
Au⁺	Turn-off	TTB-COF	TTB-COF dispersion	0.87 μM	1.0–10.0 μM	In acetonitrile; Fe³⁺, Ni²⁺, Co²⁺, Zn²⁺, and Cd²⁺	215
Cu²⁺	Turn-off	COF-JLU3	COF-JLU3 dispersion	0.31 μM	0–200 μM	In THF; selectivity over Li⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, Ba²⁺, Zn²⁺, Cd²⁺, Ni²⁺, Pb²⁺, Co²⁺, Ag⁺, Fe³⁺ and Al³⁺	176
Cu²⁺	Turn-off	sp²c-COF	sp²c-COF dispersion	88 ppb	0–0.3 × 10⁻⁴ M	In THF; selectivity over Zn²⁺	222
Cu²⁺	Turn-off	N/A	Dispersion of carbon quantum dot scaffolded COFs	0.50 nM; 2.4 nM	0.0010–10.0 μm; 0.0032–32.0 μm	pH = 7.0; selectivity over Pb²⁺, Mg²⁺, Hg²⁺, Zn²⁺, Fe²⁺, Fe³⁺, Co²⁺, Cd²⁺, Cr²⁺, Ni²⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, Na⁺, Gly, Cys, and HSA; blood, wastewater	263
Fe³⁺	Turn-off	DhaTab	DhaTab dispersion	0.12 μM	5–500 μM	In DMF/H₂O (9 : 1, v/v); selectivity over Na⁺, Mg²⁺, Al³⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, Cu²⁺, Zn²⁺, Pb²⁺, Ag⁺, and Cd²⁺	184
Fe³⁺	Turn-off	PI-COF 201	PI-COF 201 suspension	0.13 μM	0–1 mM	In DMF; selectivity over Na⁺, K⁺, Co²⁺, Pb²⁺, Sr²⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, Ag⁺, La³⁺, Ce³⁺ and Cu²⁺	224
Fe³⁺	Turn-off	PI-COF 202	PI-COF 202 suspension	0.13 μM	0–1 mM	In DMF; selectivity over Na⁺, K⁺, Co²⁺, Pb²⁺, Sr²⁺, Mg²⁺, Ca²⁺, Ag⁺, La³⁺, Ce³⁺ and Cu²⁺	224
Fe³⁺	Turn-off	TaDAP	TaDAP dispersion	18 mM	0.02–0.86 mM	In DMF/H₂O (9 : 1, v/v); selectivity over Na⁺, Ag⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, Cu²⁺, Co²⁺, Mn²⁺, Ba²⁺, Co²⁺, Zn²⁺, Pb²⁺, Mg²⁺, Cr³⁺, and Al³⁺	225
Fe³⁺	Turn-off	Bth-Dma	Bth-Dma dispersion	0.17 μM	0.5–100 μM	In water; selectivity over Na⁺, K⁺, Mg²⁺, Ba²⁺, Mn²⁺, Ca²⁺, Gd³⁺, Zn²⁺, Ni²⁺, Co²⁺, La³⁺, Nd³⁺, Fe²⁺, or Cu²⁺	226
Al³⁺	Turn-on	Bpy-COF	Bpy-COF NS dispersion	N/A	0–400 μM	In water; selectivity over Zn²⁺, Cd²⁺, Mn²⁺, Cr³⁺, Pb²⁺, Mg²⁺, Ag⁺, Ba²⁺, Ca²⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, Co²⁺, Fe³⁺, Li⁺, Hg²⁺, Ni²⁺, and Cu²⁺	228
UO₂²⁺	Turn-off	TFPT-BTAN-AO	TFPT-BTAN-AO dispersion	6.7 nM	0–20 μM	In H₂O; selectivity over Co²⁺, Ca²⁺, Cd²⁺, Cs⁺, Cr³⁺, Cs⁺, Mn²⁺, Fe³⁺, Cu²⁺, Ni²⁺, Al³⁺, Zn²⁺, Mg²⁺, Pd²⁺, Ba²⁺, Ce³⁺, Nd³⁺, Sm³⁺, and La³⁺	229
UO₂²⁺	Turn-off	NS-COF	NS-COF NS dispersion	N/A	0.8–36 μM	In DMF; selectivity over Nd³⁺, Sm³⁺, La³⁺, Ce³⁺, Mn²⁺, Sr²⁺, Ba²⁺, Ni²⁺, Co²⁺, and Zn²⁺	264
F⁻	Turn-on	TFPPy–DETHz-COF	TFPPy–DETHz-COF dispersion	N/A	0–4 ppm	In THF; selectivity over Cl⁻, Br⁻, I⁻, and NO₃⁻	237
H⁺	Turn-on	COF-JLU4	COF-JLU4 dispersion	N/A	pH 0.9–13	In aqueous solution; reversible	234
H⁺	Turn-off	COF-HQ	COF-HQ suspension	N/A	pH 1–5	In aqueous solution	235
DNA	Turn-on	TPA-COF	Suspension of TPA-COF NSs/H1 + H2	20 pM	0.02–5 nm	50 mM Na₂HPO₄ and 0.75 M NaCl; pH = 7.4; selectivity over T, single-base mismatch DNA, random DNA	240
DNA	Turn-on	TpTta	FAM-labeled prob/TpTta suspension	3.7 nm	10–100 nm	10 mM Tris–HCl, 50 mM NaCl, 10 mM MgCl₂, pH = 7.4	241
DNA	Ratiometric	EB-TFP	EB-TFP suspension	N/A	0–32 μM	20 mM phosphate buffer, 2 mM NaCl, pH = 7.2; selectivity over MBP, DBP, AMP, ADP, ATP, and ssDNA	248
ATP	Turn-on	TpTta	FAM-labeled ATP aptamer/TpTta suspension	N/A	25–200 mM	20 mM Tris–HCl, 140 mM NaCl, 5 mM KCl, pH = 7.4	241
BHb	Turn-off	TpPa	CdSe/ZnS QDs/TpPa dispersion	5.4 × 10⁻⁴ mg mL⁻¹	0.002–0.2 mg mL⁻¹	PBS buffer, pH = 6.7; Ca²⁺, Fe²⁺, Cu²⁺, Fe³⁺, Na⁺, Zn²⁺, K⁺, and Mg²⁺	242
Ferulic acid	Turn-off	TpPa	QDs-grafted TpPa/MIP dispersion	5 μg kg⁻¹	0.03 to 60 mg kg⁻¹	In ethanol; selectivity over cinnamic acid, syringic acid, and caffeic acid	243
Levofloxacin	Turn-on	TpPa-1	Eu@TpPa-1 suspension	0.2 μM	10⁻⁶–10⁻² M	In water; selectivity over urea, l-proline, NaHCO₃, NaCl, KCl, glucose, MgCl₂, CaCl₂, creatinine, Na₂SO₄, creatine, NH₄Cl; serum, urine	244
Tyramine	Turn-off	TpPa	CdSe–ZnS QD grafted TpPa/MIOP dispersion	7.0 μg kg⁻¹	35–35 000 μg kg⁻¹	In ethanol; selectivity over HIS and PEA; meat sample	245
Tryptamine	Turn-off	TpPa	CNDs-embedded TpPa/MIPs dispersion	7.0 μg kg⁻¹	0.025–0.4 mg kg⁻¹	In ethanol; selectivity over HIS	246
Quinoxaline-2-carboxylic acid	Turn-off	TpPa	CdSe–ZnS QD grafted TpPa/MIPs dispersion	0.85 μmol L⁻¹	1–50 μmol L⁻¹	In acetonitrile/methanol, PBS, pH = 7.5; CBX, MEQ, MQCA, and OLA; meat samples	247
l-Phenylalanine	Turn-off	NUS-30	NUS-30 NS dispersion	N/A	N/A	In acetonitrile	249
l-Dopa	Turn-off	NUS-30	NUS-30 NSs/PVDF membrane	N/A	N/A	N/A	249
(−)-α-Pinene	Turn-off	CCOF 7	CCOF 7 NS suspension	N/A	10–170 μM	In acetonitrile; selectivity over (+)-α-pinene	250
(−)-α-Pinene	Turn-off	CCOF 7	CCOF 7@PVDF	N/A	0–150 μM	In acetonitrile; selectivity over (+)-α-pinene	250
4-Ethylguaiacol	Turn-off	TAPA	QD-grafted COFs@MIPs dispersion	17 ng mL⁻¹	0.025–1 μg mL⁻¹	In ethanol; selectivity over maltol, 4-vinylguaiacol, and p-cresol; response time 15 min; wine sample	265
˙OH	Turn-off	COF-TpMA	COF-TpMA suspension	N/A	0.1–10 μg mL⁻¹	In DMSO/PBS buffer (1 : 9, v/v, 20 mM), pH = 7.4; response time 2 min; cells	207