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. 2021 Nov 17;50(24):13498–13558. doi: 10.1039/d1cs00600b

Summary of detection based on extraction coupled with chromatography and spectrometry using COFs.

Analyte(s) Method COF Detection architecture LOD Detection range Other detection parameters Ref.
Sudan dyes Micro-solid-phase extraction (MSPE)/HPLC HL-COP HL-COP/SSF column 0.03–0.15 μg L−1 0.5–100 μg L−1 pH = 7.0, extraction flow rate of 300 μL min−1, desorption flow rate of 200 μL min−1 and desorption flow volume of 600 μL; chili powder, sausage samples, recoveries 73.8–112.6% 351
Pyrethroids SPME/GC A hydrazone COF COF/PDA-SSF 0.11 to 0.23 μg kg−1 1–1000 μg kg−1 Extraction temperature of 50 °C, extraction time of 30 min, and desorption time of 2 min; vegetables and fruits, recoveries 75.6–106.3% 377
Paclitaxel Magnetic SPME/HPLC COF-1 Fe3O4/COF-1 0.02 ng mL−1 0.1–200 mL−1 pH = 9, acetonitrile content of 0.5% (v/v), extraction time of 1 h, sample volume of 20 mL; rat plasma sample, recovery 99.4–103.7% 384
Phosphopeptides SPE/MALDI-TOF TpPa-2 TpPa-2-Ti4+ 4 fmol N/A 200 μL of buffer (50% extraction-H2O, 1% TFA) for 30 min, eluted with 5% NH4OH for 5 min; β-casein : BSA = 1 : 100); non-fat milk and HeLa cells 385
Benzophenones SPME/HPLC COF-SH COF-SH@poly(GMA–EDMA) 0.4–0.7 ng mL−1 1–500 ng mL−1 pH = 3.0, eluent MeOH flow rate 0.03 mL min−1; urine and serum specimens 352
N-Linked glycopeptide Magnetic SPE/LC-MS COF-5 Magnetic graphene (MagG)@COF-5 0.5 fmol μL−1 0.5–100 fmol μL−1 Extraction solvent H2O/TFA (95 : 4 : 1, v/v/v), extraction time 15 min; digests/BSA, 1 : 600; human serum 391
PAHs Magnetic SPE/HPLC COF-LZU1 COF-LZU1@PEI@Fe3O4 0.2–20 pg mL−1 2–2000 pg mL−1 pH = 9.0, acetonitrile content of 1%, extraction time 30 min, sample volume 20 mL; environmental samples, recoveries 85.1–107.8% 353
Phthalate esters Magnetic SPE/GC CTF CTFs/Ni 0.024–0.085 mg kg−1 0.08–80 mg kg−1 pH = 7, NaCl (3%, m/v), desorption solvent acetone, extraction time 5 min, desorption time 5 min; plastic cup and mineral water bottle 354
Volatile benzene homologues SPME/GC COF-SCU1 COF-SCU1/SSW 0.03–0.15 ng L−1 0.1 to 100 ng L−1 Extraction time 20 min, temperature 40 °C, desorption temperature 250 °C for 3 min; indoor air samples, recoveries 87.9–103.4% 355
Bisphenols Magnetic SPE/LC-MS TAPB-TPA Fe3O4@TAPB-TPA 1.0–78.1 ng L−1 0.1–50 ng L−1 Extraction time 10 min, desorption solvent i-propanol; human serum sample, recoveries 93.0–107.8% 356
Cyano pyrethroids SPE-HPLC TAPB-TP Molecularly imprinted TAPB-TP 0.011–0.018 ng g−1 0.1–200 ng g−1 Desorption solvent 4% acetic acid in methanol; fruit, vegetable, and medicine samples, recoveries 4.3–102.7% 378
OH-PCBs Magnetic SPE/LC-MS COF-COOH Fe3O4@COF-aptamers 2.1 pg mL−1 0.01–40 ng mL−1 pH = 11, extraction time 30 min, human serum, recoveries > 90% 357
PAHs Magnetic SPE/HPLC TpBD Fe3O4@TpBD 0.83–11.7 ng L−1 1–100 ng mL−1 Extraction time 12 min, eluent acetonitrile, desorption time 15 min; food samples, recoveries 84–99% 358
Endocrine disruptors Magnetic SPE/HPLC TpBD Fe3O4@TpBD 1.4–8.7 μg L−1 10–1000 μg L−1 Eluent acetonitrile, adsorption time 5 min, desorption time 10 min; food samples, recoveries 89.6–108.9% 359
Metal ions SPE/ICP-MS TpBD TpBD 2.1–21.6 ng L−1 0.05–25 μg L−1 pH = 5.0, eluent 0.7 M HNO3; environmental and food samples, recoveries over 85% 383
Phenolic pollutants Magnetic SPE/LC CTF CTFs/Fe2O3 0.09–0.53 ng mL−1 25–2000 ng mL−1 pH = 2, eluent acetonitrile, extraction time 30 min; real water samples, recoveries 85.5–97.7% 360
Perfluorinated compounds Magnetic SPE/LC CTF CTFs/Fe2O3 0.62–1.39 ng L−1 5–4000 ng L−1 Eluent acetone; environmental water samples, recoveries 87–106% 361
Parabens Magnetic SPE/HPLC CTF Fe3O4/CTF 0.02 μg L−1 0.1–500 μgL–1 pH = 7.0, eluent methanol-acetonitrile (v/v = 1 : 1), desorption time 30 s; milk and water samples, recoveries 86–102% 362
PAHs Magnetic SPE/HPLC TpDA Fe3O4@TpDA 0.03–0.73 mg L−1 5–100 μg L−1 Extraction solvent acetonitrile, adsorption time 10 min, desorption time 15 min; oil and meat sample, recoveries 85.5–104.2% 363
Pesticides SPE/HPLC DAAQ-TFP DAAQ-TFP 0.02–0.08 ng mL−1 0.1–160 ng mL−1 pH = 2–8, 0.2 mL acetonitrile as the eluent with a pre-soaking time of 1 min; water and drink sample, recoveries 85.5–112.7% 379
Pesticides SPME/GC TpPaNO2 TpPaNO2/stainless steel wire 0.04–0.25 μg kg−1 0.5–225 μg kg−1 Extraction time 45 min, pH = 6–7, desorption at 260 °C for 6 min; vegetable and fruit samples, recoveries 81.5–111% 380
Polychlorinated biphenyls Headspace sorptive extraction/GC-MS TAPB-PDA Fe3O4@mTiO2@TAPB-PDA <0.06 ng g−1 0.01–100  ng g−1 Soil samples, recoveries 94.6–97.2% 364
Benzoylurea insecticides SPE/HPLC TpAzo TpAzo 0.1–0.2 ng mL−1 1.0–160.0 ng mL−1 pH = 3–6, eluent acetonitrile; drink and vegetable sample, recoveries 84–108% 381
Sulfonamide antibiotics SPE/HPLC COF made of melamine and phthalaldehyde COF/polyurethanes 0.004–1.050 μg kg−1 0.25–1000 ng kg−1 pH = 4, eluent methanol; recoveries 82.7–100.8% 386
Chlorophenols SPME/GC-MS TpBD TpBD/stainless steel wire 0.3–1.8 μg kg−1 3–300 μg kg−1 pH = 11, extraction temperature 40 °C, extraction time 35 min, desorption temperature of 250 °C; food samples, recoveries 70.2–113% 376
Fluorescent whitening agents SPE/HPLC COP Fe3O4/COF 0.1 ng L−1 0.5–100 ng L−1 Extraction time 50 min, eluent acetone, elution time 60 min; cosmetic samples, recoveries 8.2–105% 365
Phthalate ester Magnetic SPE/GC-MS TpBD Fe3O4@PDA@TbBd 0.0025–0.01 ng mL−1 50–8000 ng mL−1 pH = 7, extraction time 30 min, eluent acetone, desorption time 10 min; human plasma sample, recoveries 92.3–98.9% 375
Phenols SPE/HPLC TpBD Fe3O4@TpBD 0.08–0.21 ng mL−1 0.5–1000 ng mL−1 pH = 6, extraction time, 30 min; drink samples, recoveries 81.3–118.0% 366
Phosphopeptides SPE/MS TfPb-DHBD Magnetic colloid nanocrystal cluster@TfPb-DHBD@Zr4+ 10 fmol N/A Milk and human serum 387
Tetrabromobisphenol A SPME/MS TpBD TpBD/glass fiber 0.92 ng L−1 0.01–10 μg L−1 Water samples, recoveries 83.9–113.1% 367
cis-Diol-containing compounds SPE/MALDI-TOF TpBD Boric-acid functionalized TpBD 0.01–0.5 pg mL−1 0.1–200 pg mL−1 pH = 8.0, extraction time 80 min; human serum samples, recoveries 85.3–109% 368
Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs SPE/HPLC TpBD TpBD@SiO2 0.38–2.92 μg L−1 0.002–1.0 μg mL−1 pH = 2, eluent methanol (1% NH3·H2O), desorption time 10 min; water samples, recoveries 77.3–111.6% 388
Pesticides Magnetic SPE/HPLC TRI-TER TRI-TER@Fe3O4 0.4–1.2 ng L−1 5–20 000 ng L−1 Extraction time 40 min, eluent acetone, desorption time 5 min; fruit samples, recoveries 73–103% 382
Sulfonamide Magnetic SPE/HPLC TpBD Fe3O4@TpBD 0.28–1.45 mg L−1 1–80 μg L−1 Eluent acetone; food samples, recoveries 82–94% 389
Phenols SPME/GC-MS PB-DMTP-COF PB-DMTP-COF-coated fiber 0.0048–0.015 ng L−1 0.05–1000 ng L−1 Extraction time 60 min, 50 °C, pH = 6, desorption temperature 280 °C; water samples, recoveries 81.3–116.3% 369
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers SPME/GC–MS TpPa-1 TpPa-1 coated fiber 0.0058–0.022 ng L−1 0.01–100 ng L−1 Extraction time 40 min, extraction temperature 70 °C, desorption temperature 300 °C; water samples, recoveries 71.9–125.4% 370
Phthalate esters Magnetic SPE/GC–MS TbBd magG@PDA@TbBd 0.004–0.02 ng mL−1 50–8000 ng mL−1 pH = 7, extraction time 10 min, eluent dichloromethane, desorption time 10 min; milk samples, recoveries 91.4–108.5% 371
PAHs SPME/GC-MS/MS TpBD TpBD/stainless steel wire 0.02–1.66 ng L−1 2–200 ng L−1 Extraction time, 30 min; desorption time, 5 min; extraction temperature, 40 °C; meat sample, recoveries 85.1–102.8% 372
Chemical warfare agents SPE/GC-MS and NMR CTF CTF 0.010–0.100 μg mL−1 0.040–20.0 μg mL−1 Eluent DCM, CHCl3, and EtOAc; recoveries 87–100% 24
Fluorochemicals SPE/SALDI-TOF MS COF-LZU1 COF-LZU1 0.016–0.67 ng mL−1 10–2000 pg mL−1 pH = 3; selectivity over humic acid; real water samples, recoveries 77.1–123% 373
Allergenic disperse dyes Magnetic SPE/LC-MS/MS N-Mag-COF N-Mag-COF 0.021–0.58 μg kg−1 0.5–50 μg kg−1 Extraction solvent methanol, extraction time 10 min; textile samples, recoveries 72.2–107% 374
Sulfonamides SPE/HPLC SNW-1 SNW-1@PAN 1.7–2.7 ng mL−1 5–125 ng mL−1 pH = 5–7, eluent 5% ammonia-methanol; metal samples, recoveries 86–111% 390
Hsp90α Magnetic SPE/MS TpBD Fe3O4@TpBD-DSS-Ab-ME 50 pg mL−1 N/A pH = 6.0; human plasma samples, selectivity: Hsp90α : BSA = 1 : 1000 392