Table 1.

Baseline characteristics

Variables	Lactate ≤ 1.5 mEq/l (N = 622)	Lactate > 1.5 mEq/l (N = 319)	P-value
Age (years)	66 [56–73]	64 [55—72]	0.078
Sex, Female (%)	220 (35.4%)	125 (39.2%)	0.258
BMI (kg/m2)	25.17 [22.5–28.86]	25.8 [23.31–29.4]	0.031
ASA score (1–2 / 3–4)	361 / 261	193 / 126	0.125
Preoperative   hemoglobin (g/dL)	13.1 [11.8–14.3]	13.5 [12.1–14.5]	0.013
Preoperative creatinine   (mg/dL)	0.9 [0.7–1.1]	0.9 [0.71–1]	0.850
Comorbidities; N (%)
Ischemic heart disease   Coronary artery   bypass graft   Hypertension   Hyperlipidemia   Stroke   Atrial fibrillation   Heart failure   Diabetes mellitus 1   Diabetes mellitus 2   COPD   Cirrhosis   Asthma	63 (10.1%) 34 (5.5%) 319 (51.3%) 179 (28.8%) 25 (4.0%) 49 (7.9%) 10 (1.6%) 2 (0.3%) 138 (22.2%) 84 (13.5%) 43 (6.9%) 30 (4.8%)	24 (7.5%) 11(3.5%) 144 (45.1%) 86 (27.0%) 15 (4.7%) 20 (6.3%) 4 (1.3%) 2 (0.6%) 66 (20.7%) 30 (9.4%) 30 (9.4%) 19 (6.0%)	0.192 0.170 0.074 0.557 0.623 0.370 0.669 0.495 0.598 0.068 0.176 0.459
Medications; N (%)
Aspirin   Clopidogrel   ẞ blocker   ACEI   ARB   Calcium channel   blocker   Diuretics   Statin   Oral hypoglycaemic   drugs   Insulin   Oral anticoagulation	224 (36.0%) 30 (4.8%) 172 (27.7%) 136 (21.9%) 50 (8.0%) 119 (19.1%) 65 (10.5%) 181 (29.1%) 94 (15.1%) 49 (7.9%) 64 (10.3%)	85 (26.7%) 8 (2.51%) 81 (25.4%) 57 (17.9%) 22 (6.9%) 49 (15.4%) 25 (7.8%) 91 (28.5%) 47 (14.7%) 27 (8.5%) 26 (8.2%)	0.004 0.088 0.459 0.151 0.533 0.153 0.197 0.854 0.877 0.755 0.291
Type of Surgery (N)			< 0.001
Pancreatectomy   Hepatobiliary   Oesophagectomy   Cystectomy   Cancer debulking   Major vascular surgery   Gastrectomy   Colectomy   Nephrectomy   Other surgical   procedurea	104 (16.7%) 161 (25.9%) 82 (13.2%) 72 (11.6%) 25 (4.0%) 141 (22.7%) 7 (1.1%) 17 (2.7%) 7 (1.1%) 6 (0.1%)	58 (18.2%) 152 (47.7%) 37 (11.6%) 18 (5.6%) 10 (3.1%) 32 (10.0%) 1 (0.3%) 6 (1.9%) 2 (0.6%) 3 (0.9%)

Values are presented as medians [interquartiles ranges] or numbers (percentages %)

^aIncluded other laparotomies such as surrenalectomy or prostatectomy