Table 2.

Study characteristics

Author, year, country	Health condition	Aim of study	Methodology	Participant numbers	Co-approach	Definition of co-approach used by authors
Cowdell et al. (2020) UK [27]	Eczema	To devise strategies to amend lay and practitioner eczema mindlines to improve consultation experiences and self- management practices in primary care. To identify 1. What knowledge needs to be mobilised. 2. Who needs this knowledge. 3. How should this knowledge be shared	Qualitative case study	Total n = 22 Lay people n = 10 Health practitioners n = 12	Co-Creation	Using 8 principles of Co-Create co-production matrix: Holistic, resourced, transparent, inclusive, iterative, positive, equal, Sustainable
Dal Mas et al. (2020) Italy/UK [50]	Breast cancer	How can knowledge translation be triggered by design to support and enhance the physical and psychological recovery of patients after breast cancer surgery	Qualitative case study	Total n = 28 Researchers n = 4 Psychiatrists/physiotherapists n = 9 Nurses n = 3 Breast surgeon n = 1 Sport and fitness professional n = 1 Patients n = 2 National association of breast surgery operated women n = 2 Librarians n = 3 Admin staff n = 3	Co-production	Patient engagement Active and effective participation of patients in their healthcare
Dent et al. (2016) Australia [36]	Long term musculoskeletal problems	Describe lessons learned from implementation of a population health intervention study in a rural setting using a Co-KT framework as a guideline for intervention	Qualitative case study	Not reported	Co-creation (cocreating a knowledge translation framework – Co-KT)	‘Co-creating of KT’ (Co-KT) framework, which combines academic evidence-based knowledge with the context-specific knowledge from stakeholders
Fonseka et al. (2019) Canada [43]	Mental Health	A knowledge translation project to adapt the CANMAT clinician guidelines into an accessible, plain language version	Qualitative case study	Total n = 7 Workshop People with lived experience of mental health problems n = 7	Co-design	Incorporating expertise of individuals with lived experience
Grindell et al. (2020) UK [28]	Malignant pleural effusion	To describe the co-design methods used to mobilse knowledge and co-create a decision support tool for people with malignant pleural effusion	Qualitative case study	Total n = 41 Workshop 1 Site 1 Total n = 9, Consultant physician n = 3 Patients n = 5 Carers n = 2 Nurse specialist n = 1 Site 2 Total n = 11, Consultant physician n = 1 Physician Registrar n = 1 Patients n = 5 Carers n = 3 Nurse specialist n = 1 Research nurse n = 1 Site 3 Total n = 11, Physician registrar n = 1 Patients n = 5 Carers n = 5 Senior research nurse n = 1 Student nurse n = 1 Workshop 2 Total n = 10 Consultant physicians n = 2 Physician registrar n = 3 Nurses n = 3 Patients n = 2	Creative co-production/design	A four phased, human-centred process of divergent and convergent thinking. Recognising all forms of knowledge. Considering all ideas before the best, most practical solutions are tested through an iterative prototyping process ready for implementation
Heaton (2016) UK [29]	Acute stroke management	What does the theory of co- production add to our understanding of the processes of knowledge creation and translation in PenCLAHRC	Qualitative case study	Total n = 9 NHS trust staff and local stroke network n = 5 Researchers n = 4	Co-production	Co-production of knowledge and closer collaboration
IKT casebook vol 1 (2019) [44] Case studies: Townley et al., Sibbald et al., Gainforth et al., Kastner et al Editors McCutcheon et al Canada	4 case studies includes chronic pain assessment, spinal cord injury and multi chronic disease	Using a integrated knowledge translation approach to co-create a pain assessment toolkit, and physical activity interventions and to co-design a multi disease management tool	Case studies	Not disclosed	Co-production, co-creation and co-design	Not explicitly defined beyond an integrated knowledge translation approach
IKT casebook vol 3 (2020) [45] Case study: Ramage et al Editors Boland et al	Stroke	The co-design and piloting of an evidence-based intervention aimed at increasing physical activity to reduce secondary stroke risk	Case study	Total n = 45 Knowledge user partners Total n = 13 Person with lived experience of stroke n = 1 Physiotherapists n = 2 Exercise scientist n = 1 Researchers n = 5 PhD supervisors n = 4 (with research expertise in physiotherapy [n = 3] and nutrition and dietetics [n = 1]) Knowledge-user informants Total n = 32 Health-care workers (n = 16) such as doctors, nurses, physiotherapists, managers Stroke survivors (n = 10) Carers (n = 5) Behaviour change researcher (n = 1)	Co-design	Not explicitly described but involving knowledge user partners and knowledge user informants at each stage of project
Knowles et al. (2018) UK [30]	People with multi-morbidity	To explore whether co- production methodologies could enhance intervention development and provide a mechanism to translate available evidence into patient- centred intervention proposals for multimorbidity and safety	Qualitative (codesign and survey)	Total n = 34 Workshop 1 Total n = 11 People or carers with multi morbidities n = 11 Workshop 2 Total n = 5 GP n = 1 Pharmacists n = 3 Pharmacy dispenser n = 1 Workshop 3 Total n = 11 Public contributors n = 9 Pharmacist n = 1 Pharmacy dispenser n = 1 Survey n = 7 Patients n = 4 Health care professionals n = 3	Co-design (participatory design)	Methodologies which explicitly involve patients in design and development
Law (2020) UK [31]	Long term conditions	To identify and produce a taxonomy of physical activity interventions that aim to reduce functional decline in people with long- term conditions managed in primary care (Stage 4 Intervention co-design, actionable recommendations and knowledge mobilisation)	Study protocol – realist synthesis with embedded co-production and co-design	Participant numbers not described	Co-design/production	Draw on the lived experiences of service users and professionals providing services to them. Ensuring all views from stakeholders are included and embedded within the process
Lewando Hundt et al. (2019) UK [32]	End of life care	Evaluation of research based theatre performance post discussions to capture the nature and dynamics of the co-production of knowledge	Qualitative case studies	Total n = 25–75 On average 50% 0f audience (n = 50–150) attended post show activities included service users, carers, students, researchers, and health, and social care service providers and the wider public	Co-production (of knowledge)	This term recognizes that the process involves multiple types of knowledge and experience from a plurality of stakeholders and actors
Livings et al. (2020) Australia [37]	Osteo-Arthritis	To establish whether a co-designed, community- based, physiotherapy- led multidisciplinary model of care for managing knee OA can be developed and implemented in the community physiotherapy setting	Study protocol a quasi- experimental, pre– post design with an embedded qualitative component- phase 2 = co-design	Aim to recruit 52	Co-design	Consultation with researchers, patients, clinical staff, members of the public and other stakeholders
Miller et al. (2016) Canada [46]	Osteo -Arthritis(OA)	What does quality care mean to patients with OA and what is most helpful in managing their arthritis	Qualitative	People with OA n = 25	Co-design	Co-design of research project- participants setting research questions, collecting data etc
Milton et al. (2021) Australia [38]	Mental health /eating disorders	To collaboratively customise and configure the InnoWell Platform to enhance access to and service quality of Butterfly’s National Helpline	Qualitative case study	Total n = 45 People with experience of eating disorders Workshop 1 n = 9 Workshop 2 n = 7 Workshop 3 n = 11 Workshop 4 n = 5 Workshop 5 n = 5 Workshop 6 n = 8	Co-design/participatory design	The active participation of all stakeholders to ensure that the end product meets the needs of its intended user base, improves usability, and increases engagement of all individuals
Ospina- Pinillos et al. (2018) Australia [41]	Mental health	To codesign and build a Mental Health eClinic (MHeC) to improve timely access to, and better quality, mental health care for young people across Australia	Qualitative case study	Total n = 44 Stage 1 n 28 Young people (YP) with mental health problems n = 18 Health care professionals (HCP) n = 10 Stage 2 n = 9 YP n = 6 HCP n = 4 Stage 3 n = 6 YP n = 4 HCP n = 2	Codesign (participatory design)	Involves iterative design cycles in which end users and researchers contribute to knowledge production and the development of the end product
Ospina- Pinillos et al. (2019) Australia [39]	Mental health	To co-design and culturally adapt the MHeC for Spanish-speaking young people based in Australia;	Qualitative case study	Total n = 32 Workshops n = 17 YP n = 10 HCP n = 7 User testing n = 15 YP n = 7 HCP n = 5 Supportive others n = 3	Codesign (participatory design)	involve stakeholders and end users in the design and development to increase user engagement and system usability
Ospina- Pinillos et al. (2020) Australia [40]	Mental health	To culturally adapt the MHeC for young people in Colombia	Qualitative case study	Total n = 28 Workshop n = 18 YP n = 7 HCP n = 11 User testing YP n = 5 HCP n = 3 Supportive others n = 2	Codesign (participatory design)	The process involves engaging end users and other stakeholders at all stages (from conception to completion) of the design, development, and testing of these technologies
Reeve (2016) UK [33]	Mental health and wellbeing	The aim was to translate a model of care into practice-based evidence describing delivery and impact. (started as a formative evaluation but finished as a co-production model)	Qualitative case study	Numbers not specified Initial evaluation: GP practices = 7 Redesign of intervention: GP practice n = 1	Co-production	To generate practice based knowledge to contextualise a complex intervention ready for implementation
Revenas (2018) Sweden [48]	Parkinsons Disease	The aim of this study was to describe the co-design an eHealth service for co-care (knowledge exchange) for Parkinson disease	Qualitative	Total n = 25 4 workshops: People with Parkinsons Disease n = 7 HCP n = 9 Facilitators n = 7	Co-design	Co-creation has been broadly defined as any act of collective creativity, while co-design signifies the span of a design process
Thompson (2020) Canada [47]	Functional constipation in children	To use patient engagement methods to establish a research collaboration with parents to co-create a digital knowledge translation tool for parents caring for a child with functional constipation	Qualitative study protocol	Specific numbers not disclosed	Co-creation	Not explicitly described but to be achieved through a parent collaborator group
Wannheden (2020) Sweden [49]	Parkinsons disease	This study explores People with Parkinson’s (PwP) and HCPs’ expectations and desired eHealth functionalities to achieve co-care (knowledge exchange to improve healthcare outcomes)	Qualitative (Co-design workshops and questionnaire)	Total n = 53 4 workshops n = 16 PwP n = 7 HCP’s n = 9 Prototype questionnaire n = 37 PwP n = 31 informal care givers n = 6	Co-design/participatory design	Participatory design shares similarities with action research and offers a method for combining health service and technology development in close collaboration with the intended users of the future service
Wolstenholme, Poll, Tod (2020) UK [35]	Hepatitis C	To devise interventions to improve access to the nurse-led hepatitis C clinic through sharing knowledge from those who both receive and deliver services	Qualitative case study	Total n = 22 Over 2 workshops: service users who were current or former patients of the hospital HCV clinic n = 12 Stakeholders representing seven different agencies n = 10	Co-production	Meaningful engagement of all stakeholders in the design of new services or knowledge. Ensuring the research is relevant to the end users and informed by them
Wolstenholme, Grindell, Tod, Bec (2018) UK [34]	Various health conditions including low back pain, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, stroke	Highlights of how knowledge is translated, in its many forms, into action. With a particular focus on the contribution of creative practices and design to deliver successful change	Collection of case studies	Varies across projects From n = 10 – n = 75	Co-design	That allows the contribution of all the stakeholders of a project or service to share and synthesise new knowledge
Yeganeh et al. (2021) Australia [42]	Early menopause (EM)/ premature ovarian insufficiency (POI)	To describe and summarize the overall process of co-design and report on the development and evaluation of the digital resource as well as dissemination and implementation	Qualitative case study	Total 156 Interviews Women with EM n = 30 Surveys n = 126 Women with POI n = 110 HCP n = 16	Co-design	With all stakeholders including active patient inclusion, to ensure developed resources are relevant and improve patient understanding and knowledge