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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Jul 8.
Published in final edited form as: Nat Rev Chem. 2021 Dec 6;6(1):31–50. doi: 10.1038/s41570-021-00339-5
Redox Active Mn Fe Ni Cu
Common oxidation states 2+, 3+, 4+ 2+, 3+, 4+ 2+ 1+, 2+
Geometric preferences Octahedral, trigonal bipyramidal Octahedral, tetrahedral, trigonal bipyramidal Square planar Square planar, tetrahedral
Redox inactive Zn Ca Mg
Oxidation state 2+ 2+ 2+
Geometric preferences Tetrahedral Octahedral, 7-coordinate Octahedral, 7-coordinate