Table 2.
Direct and indirect costs of accessing and utilising health care by socioeconomic status quintiles and place of residence
| Socioeconomic status Equity measures |
Place of residence Equity measures |
||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| n | Mean | Gap (Poorest -least poor) |
Ratio (Poorest/ least poor) |
Concentration Index (CI) | Gap (Rural - Urban) |
Ratio (Rural/ Urban) |
|
| Mode of transport | 1407 | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) |
| Foot (%) | (n = 1000) | 71.1 | 22.1*** | 1.4 | −0.069*** | 4.0 | 1.1 |
| Car (%) | (n = 119) | 8.5 | −7.5** | 0.4 | 0.221*** | −6.7 | 0.5 |
| Motorbike & bicycle (%) | (n = 288) | 20.5 | −14.7*** | 0.5 | 0.152*** | 2.7 | 1.1 |
| Time cost (mins) | |||||||
| Travel time for all | 1143 | 30.1 | 15.1*** | 1.7 | −0.109*** | 5.5* | 1.2 |
| Foot | (n = 804) | 31.3 | 14.7*** | 1.6 | −0.104*** | 5.3 | 1.2 |
| Car | (n = 96) | 26.7 | 1.1 | 1.0 | −0.019 | 0.3 | 1.0 |
| Motorbike & bicycle | (n = 243) | 27.8 | 17.3** | 1.9 | −0.141**** | 8.4** | 1.4 |
| Waiting time | 1394 | 46.7 | 15.3*** | 1.4 | −0.056** | 13.5** | 1.4 |
| Consultation time | 1374 | 12.9 | −0.4 | 1.0 | 0.002 | 0.3 | 1.0 |
| Direct cost (USD) | |||||||
| Transport cost for all clients | 1299 | 0.41 | −0.51*** | 0.2 | 0.269*** | −0.23* | 0.6 |
| Car | (n = 119) | 1.32 | − 0.99* | 0.5 | 0.184 | −0.87 | 0.6 |
| Motorbike & bicycle | (n = 267) | 1.39 | −0.75*** | 0.4 | 0.065* | −0.31 | 0.8 |
| Prob. of paying for medical care (%) | 1399 | 17.8 | −9.3*** | 0.6 | 0.128*** | 1.4 | 1.1 |
| Medical cost for all clients | 1399 | 0.23 | −0.32*** | 0.2 | 0.288*** | −0.16 | 0.6 |
The median travel time overall =20 min, while on foot (21.5 min), car (20 min) and other modes (20 min); median travel cost = 0 USD; median waiting time = 26.5 min, and consultation time = 10 min; median medical cost = 0 USD; travel time reflects a one-way journal
*** denotes significance at 1%, ** at 5%, and * at 10% level