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. 2022 Jul 8;12:36. doi: 10.1186/s13561-022-00387-7

Table 3.

Time and direct costs by facility ownership and level of care

Cost variable N Mean Facility ownership Facility level of care
Public/ government FBO Private/ other Hospital Health Centre Dispensary
1407 (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) (7)
Time costs (mins)
 Travel time for all clients 1143 30.1 31.6 (ref) 25.5** 22.3*** 25.3 (ref) 26.9 31.9***
 Waiting time 1394 46.7 48.3 (ref) 39.5* 39.8 59.3 (ref) 45.9 45.1
 Consultation time 1374 12.9 12.9 (ref) 12.8 13.4 13.5 (ref) 14.2 12.4
Direct cost (USD)
 Transport costs for all clients 1299 0.41 0.32 (ref) 0.76*** 0.95** 0.69 (ref) 0.52 0.33***
 Prob. Of paying for care (%) 1399 17.8 13.0 (ref) 49.2*** 17.1 19.3 (ref) 8.9 20.5
 Medical cost for all clients 1399 0.23 0.07 (ref) 1.14*** 0.42 0.46 (ref) 0.11* 0.23

t-test used (public facility and hospital) as reference groups; travel time reflects a one-way journal

*** denotes significance at 1%, ** at 5%, and * at 10% level