. 2022 Jun 28;12(13):1658. doi: 10.3390/ani12131658

Table 4.

Effect of propolis (PR), bee pollen (BP), and their interaction (PR + BP) on the antioxidant indicators of broiler chickens.

Groups		Traits ¹
Groups		TAC (U/mL)	T-SOD (U/mL)	CAT (U/mL)
PR effect	−PR	4.81 ^b	4.57 ^b	0.81 ^b
	+PR	5.94 ^a	6.70 ^a	0.86 ^a
	n	20	20	20
	SEM	0.046	0.114	0.009
	p-value	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
BP effect	−BP	5.01 ^b	4.33 ^b	0.79 ^b
	+BP	5.74 ^a	6.95 ^a	0.87 ^a
	n	20	20	20
	SEM	0.046	0.114	0.009
	p-value	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
Interaction effect	CONT	4.18 ^d	3.08 ^d	0.78 ^c
	PR	5.84 ^b	5.58 ^c	0.80 ^bc
	BP	5.43 ^c	6.06 ^b	0.83 ^b
	PR + BP	6.04 ^a	7.83 ^a	0.91 ^a
	n	10	10	10
	SEM	0.065	0.161	0.013
	p-value	<0.001	0.030	0.029

Means with dis-similar superscripts (a, b, c, d) in the same column significantly differ at p < 0.05. SEM: standard error of means. n: number of observations in the treatment group. ¹ Traits: TAC, total antioxidant capacity; T-SOD, total superoxide dismutase; and CAT, catalase.