. 2022 Jun 28;12(13):1658. doi: 10.3390/ani12131658

Table 5.

Effect of propolis (PR), bee pollen (BP), and their interaction (PR + BP) on leukocytes count, differentiation, and viability of broiler chickens.

Groups		Traits ¹
Groups		TWBC (10 ³/mL)	H/L Ratio	LCV (%)
PR effect	−PR	44.09 ^b	0.43 ^a	105 ^b
	+PR	48.60 ^a	0.38 ^b	115 ^a
	n	20	20	20
	SEM	0.455	0.005	0.4
	p-value	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
BP effect	−BP	45.76	0.42 ^a	106 ^b
	+BP	46.93	0.39 ^b	114 ^a
	n	20	20	20
	SEM	0.455	0.005	0.4
	p-value	0.076	<0.001	<0.001
Interaction effect	CONT	43.24	0.45	100 ^d
	PR	48.28	0.39	113 ^b
	BP	44.94	0.41	110 ^c
	PR + BP	48.93	0.37	118 ^a
	n	10	10	10
	SEM	0.644	0.008	0.5
	p-value	0.422	0.194	<0.001

Means with dis-similar superscripts (a, b, c, d) in the same column significantly differ at p < 0.05. SEM: standard error of means. n: number of observations in the treatment group. ¹ Traits: TWBC, total white blood cells; H/L ratio, heterophils to lymphocytes (H/L) ratio; and LCV, leukocyte cell viability.