GAPDH inhibition and cell proliferation. Fibroblasts (a), PANC-1 (b) and MIA PaCa-2 (c) cells were left untreated or treated with GAPDH inhibitors (AXP-1007, AXP-3009, AXP-3018, AXP-3019) at 10 μM concentration for 48 h. The cells were lysed, and the GAPDH activity was measured and normalized by total protein content. The GAPDH activity is reported as the fractional activity in comparison to that of cells not treated with inhibitors. Fibroblasts (d), PANC-1 (e) and MIA PaCa-2 (f) were treated with GAPDH inhibitors (AXP-1007, AXP-3009, AXP-3018, AXP-3019) at three different concentrations (1 μM, 10 μM, 100 μM) for 48 h and cell proliferation was analysed using the crystal violet assay. Statistical analysis of treated vs. untreated cells * p < 0.05 and ** p < 0.001.