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. 2022 Jun 27;14(13):3148. doi: 10.3390/cancers14133148

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Schematic representation of core sequence elements and factors involved in cleavage and polyadenylation. (A) Cleavage and polyadenylation are regulated by cis-elements which include the AAUAAA hexamer, U-rich elements and UGUA elements upstream and U-rich and GU-rich elements located downstream from the hexamer, respectively. (B–E) Depicted are the stepwise interactions of the CSTF (cleavage and stimulation factor), CFI (cleavage factor I), CPSF (cleavage and polyadenylation specificity factor), CFII (cleavage factor II) complexes, and PAP (poly(A) polymerase) with specific cis-elements and with each other [32,33,34,35]. More details regarding the individual complexes and their specific interactions are given in the text.