Table 1.
The categories used to classify articles included in the present review.
| Topic | Type of Article | Host’s Taxon | Material Collected | Collection Method 1 | Detection Method 2 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Disease | Research 5 | Amphibia | Faeces | Collection from habitat | Analytical chemistry | |
| Bacteria | Method 6 | Aves | Hair-feathers-skin | Hair trapping | Coprological method | |
| Disease | Review | Fish | Imaging and remote sensing | New device | Coprological method combined 11 | |
| Ectoparasites | Mammalia | Invertebrates 8 | Other animals 9 | Imaging | ||
| Endoparasites | Marine mammal | Saliva and other body fluids | Post-mortem 10 | Immunoassay | ||
| Fungi | Reptilia | Urine | Trapping and handling | Molecular method | ||
| Helminths | Several 7 | Several 7 | Visual | Molecular method combined 12 | ||
| Protozoa | Several 7 | Other 3 | ||||
| Virus | Several 7 | |||||
| Other 3 | ||||||
| Non-disease | ||||||
| Diet | ||||||
| Immunity | ||||||
| Physiology 4 | ||||||
| Pollutants | ||||||
| Reproductive condition | ||||||
| Stress | ||||||
| Other 3 | ||||||
| Both | ||||||
1 Method used to collect the sample; 2 Method applied on the sample for pathogen detection and/or health parameters assessment; 3 Topic not included in any of the above categories (e.g., prion diseases); 4 Hormones other than stress steroids, metabolism, body temperature, and other physiological parameters; 5 Research articles applying non-invasive sampling methods; 6 Research articles defining, testing, or validating new non-invasive methods; 7 Two or more of the above categories included; 8 Blood-sucking invertebrates used to collect blood from target species; 9 for example, blood-sucking invertebrates, sniffer dogs; 10 roadkill, found carcasses, or hunted animals used for non-invasive method validation; 11 Coprological method combined with immunoassay, molecular method or observation; 12 Molecular method combined with microscopy or culture.