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. 2022 Jun 25;14(13):3120. doi: 10.3390/cancers14133120

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Overview of environment-host-microbiome-tumor interactions. Schematic overview of the interplay between the environment, the oral microbiome, human papillomavirus (HPV), a tonsillar tumor, and host inflammation. Environmental factors, such as tobacco smoke, alter the oral microbiome [7,25,26,27,28,29]. Meanwhile, bacterial shifts in the oral microbiome modulate viral proliferation and infection [30]. The interplay of these microbiological factors, a tumor, and the host immune system is complex [31,32,33]. Figure generated using BioRender.