Table 1.
Summary of tested essential oils used in the present study. AE, anthelmintic efficacy in vivo against Gyrodactylus kobayashii in goldfish (Carassius auratus); CAS, Chemical Abstracts Service; CAE, the concentration with the best anthelmintic efficacy; CFD, the concentration causing fish mortality.
| Essential Oil | CAS | Source | Maximum Anthelmintic Efficacy (%) | CAE (mg/L) | CFD (mg/L) |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Palmarosa oil | 8014-19-5 | Cymbopogon martinii (Roxb.) Wats. | 100 | 10 | 30 |
| Curcuma oil | 8024-37-1 | Curcuma longa Linn. | 100 | 12 | 25 |
| Cablin patchouli oil | 8014-09-3 | Pogostemon cablin (Blanco) Benth. * | 100 | 10 | 10 |
| Zedoary oil | / | Curcuma zedoaria (Christm.) Rosc. | 100 | 15 | 20 |
| Rue oil | 8014-29-7 | Ruta graveolens Linn. * | 100 | 25 | 40 |
| Tea tree oil | 68647-73-4 | Melaleuca alternifolia Cheel | 100 | 40 | 50 |
| Neem oil | / | Melia azedarace Linn. | 100 | 40 | 45 |
| Cassia oil | 8015-96-1 | Cinnamomum cassia Presl | 94.57 | 14 | 14 |
| Eucalyptus oil | 8000-48-4 | Eucalyptus globulus Labill. * | 90.84 | 100 | 100 |
| Clove oil | 8000-34-8 | Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. Et Perry | 45.06 | 16 | 16 |
| Clove leaf oil | 8015-97-2 | Syzygium aromaticum (L.) Merr. Et Perry | 36.02 | 18 | 18 |
| Origanum oil | 8007-11-2 | Origanum vulgare Linn. | 23.36 | 10 | 10 |
| Anise oil | 8007-70-3 | Pimpinella anisum Linn. | 21.92 | 10 | 10 |
| Peppermint Oil | 68917-18-0 | Mentha sachalinensis (Briq. ex Miyaabe et Miyake) Kudo * | 10.45 | 40 | 40 |
| Fennel Oil | 8006-84-6 | Foeniculum vulgare Mill. | 10.1 | 40 | 40 |
| Lemon oil | 84929-31-7 | Citrus limon (L.) Burm. F. | 5.62 | 10 | 10 |
Note: “/” indicated CAS number of the essential oil was not found; “*” indicated the essential oil might be extracted from other plants of the same genus.