Table 1.
Patient characteristics
|
|
Total
|
Colon operations
|
Rectal operations
|
P
value
|
|
| n | 214 | 133 | 81 | ||
| Sex | Male | 128 (59.8%) | 78 (58.6%) | 50 (61.7%) | NS |
| Female | 86 (40.2%) | 55 (41.4%) | 31 (38.3%) | ||
| Age (yr) | 70 (13) | 71 (14) | 68 (13) | NS | |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 27 (5) | 28 (5) | 26.5 (4) | NS | |
| ASA score | I | 71 (33.2%) | 35 (26.3%) | 36 (44.4%) | 0.021 |
| II | 117 (54.7%) | 79 (59.4%) | 38 (46.9%) | ||
| III | 26 (12.1%) | 19 (14.3%) | 7 (8.6%) | ||
| Diagnosis | Malignancy | 206 (96.3%) | 125 (94%) | 81 (100%) | NS |
| Diverticulitis | 6 (2.8%) | 6 (4.5%) | 0 (0%) | ||
| Volvulus | 1 (0.5%) | 1 (0.8%) | 0 (0%) | ||
| Crohn’s disease | 1 (0.5%) | 1 (0.8%) | 0 (0%) | ||
| Previous operation | 17 (7.9%) | 13 (9.8%) | 4 (4.9%) | NS | |
| T | 1 | 51 (24.8%) | 33 (26.4%) | 18 (22.2%) | NS |
| 2 | 63 (30.6%) | 39 (31.2%) | 24 (29.6%) | ||
| 3 | 85 (41.3%) | 47 (37.6%) | 38 (46.9%) | ||
| 4 | 7 (3.4%) | 6 (4.8%) | 1 (1.2%) | ||
| N | 0 | 153 (74.3%) | 89 (71.2%) | 64 (79%) | NS |
| 1 | 42 (20.4%) | 30 (24%) | 12 (14.8%) | ||
| 2 | 11 (5.3%) | 6 (4.8%) | 5 (6.2%) | ||
| M | 0 | 205 (99.5%) | 125 (100%) | 80 (98.8%) | NS |
| 1 | 1 (0.5%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (1.2%) | ||
| Neoadjuvant modality | 19 (9.2%) | 2 (1.6%) | 17 (20%) | < 0.001 | |
| Complexity level | 1 | 116 (54.2%) | 74 (55.6%) | 42 (51.9%) | 0.022 |
| 2 | 82 (38.2%) | 44 (33.1%) | 38 (46.9%) | ||
| 3 | 6 (2.8%) | 6 (4.5%) | 0 (0%) | ||
| 4 | 10 (4.7%) | 9 (6.8%) | 1 (1.2%) | ||
| Operation | Right colectomy | 76 (35.5%) | 76 (57.1%) | - | < 0.001 |
| Left colectomy | 31 (14.5%) | 31 (23.3%) | - | ||
| Sigmoidectomy | 26 (12.1%) | 26 (19.5%) | - | ||
| Low anterior resection | 72 (33.6%) | - | 72 (88.9%) | ||
| Ultra-low anterior resection | 7 (3.3%) | - | 7 (8.6%) | ||
| Abdominoperineal resection | 2 (1%) | - | 2 (2.4%) | ||
| Emergency status | Elective | 212 (99.1%) | 131 (98.5%) | 81 (100%) | NS |
| Semi-elective | 2 (0.9%) | 2 (1.5%) | 0 (0%) | ||
| Laparoscopic approach | Totally laparoscopic | 182 (85%) | 127 (95.5%) | 55 (67.9%) | < 0.001 |
| Laparoscopy assisted | 32 (15%) | 6 (4.5%) | 26 (32.1%) | ||
| Preoperative optimization | Bowel preparation | 191 (89.3%) | 112 (84.2%) | 79 (97.5%) | 0.002 |
| Antibiotic preparation | 206 (96.3%) | 127 (95.5%) | 79 (97.5%) | NS | |
| Tattoo | 51 (23.8%) | 28 (21.1%) | 23 (28.4%) | NS | |
| Extraction site | Pfannenstiel | 95 (44.4%) | 40 (30.1%) | 55 (67.9%) | < 0.001 |
| Subumbilical | 19 (8.9%) | 4 (3%) | 15 (18.5%) | ||
| Transumbilical | 100 (46.7%) | 89 (66.9%) | 11 (13.6%) | ||
| Anastomosis | Stapled | 159 (75%) | 80 (60.2%) | 79 (100%) | < 0.001 |
| Handsewn | 53 (25%) | 53 (39.8%) | 0 (0%) | ||
| Intracorporeal | 112 (52.8%) | 50 (37.6%) | 62 (78.4%) | < 0.001 | |
| Extracorporeal | 100 (47.1%) | 83 (62.4%) | 17 (21.5%) | ||
| Protective stoma | 66 (30.8%) | 9 (6.8%) | 57 (70.4%) | < 0.001 | |
| Operation duration (min) | 180 (51) | 180 (50) | 200 (60) | < 0.001 | |
| Open conversion | 20 (9.3%) | 6 (4.5%) | 14 (17.3%) | 0.002 | |
| Transfusion | 8 (3.7%) | 4 (3%) | 4 (4.9%) | NS | |
| Tumor diameter (cm) | 3 (2.2) | 3 (2) | 3.75 (2.5) | NS | |
| Specimen length (cm) | 20 (9) | 21 (7) | 15 (7) | < 0.001 | |
| Distal margin (cm) | 5 (4.35) | 5.25 (3.5) | 4.5 (4.25) | 0.01 | |
| Lymph nodes | 17 (12) | 19 (13) | 15 (11) | 0.004 | |
| Lymph node ratio | 0 (2.3) | 0 (4) | 0 (0) | NS | |
| Histological grade | 1 | 40 (19.4%) | 20 (16%) | 20 (24.7%) | NS |
| 2 | 135 (65.5%) | 89 (71.2%) | 46 (56.8%) | ||
| 3 | 31 (15%) | 16 (12.8%) | 15 (18.5%) | ||
| R status | 0 | 204 (95.3%) | 124 (99.2%) | 80 (98.8%) | NS |
| 1 | 2 (0.9%) | 1 (0.8%) | 1 (1.2%) | ||
| Resection plane | Mesocolic/mesorectal | 183 (88.8%) | 108 (86.4%) | 75 (88.8%) | NS |
| Intramesocolic/intramesorectal | 19 (9.2%) | 14 (11.2%) | 5 (6.2%) | ||
| Muscularis propria | 4 (1.9%) | 3 (2.4%) | 1 (1.2%) | ||
| Extramural vascular invasion | 54 (26.2%) | 33 (26.4%) | 21 (25.9%) | NS | |
| Perineural invasion | 21 (10.2%) | 13 (10.4%) | 8 (9.9%) | NS | |
| Mucous | Focal | 29 (14.1%) | 20 (16%) | 9 (11.1%) | NS |
| Diffuse | 20 (9.7%) | 15 (12%) | 5 (6.2%) | ||
| Complications | Total | 49 (22.9%) | 33 (24.8%) | 16 (19.8%) | NS |
| Wound infection | 9 (4.2%) | 5 (3.8%) | 4 (4.9%) | NS | |
| Wound dehiscence | 2 (0.9%) | 2 (1.5%) | 0 (0%) | ||
| Leak | 14 (6.5%) | 10 (7.5%) | 4 (4.9%) | ||
| Postoperative ileus | 11 (5.1%) | 8 (6%) | 3 (3.7%) | ||
| Urinary tract infection | 2 (0.9%) | 0 (0%) | 2 (2.5%) | ||
| Urinary retention | 2 (0.9%) | 1 (0.8%) | 1 (1.2%) | ||
| Bleeding | 3 (1.4%) | 1 (0.8%) | 2 (2.5%) | ||
| Pulmonary embolism | 2 (0.9%) | 2 (1.5%) | 0 (0%) | ||
| ARDS | 1 (0.5%) | 0 (0%) | 1 (1.2%) | ||
| Other | 4 (1.9%) | 4 (3%) | 0 (0%) | ||
| Relaparotomy | 11 (5.1%) | 8 (6%) | 3 (3.7%) | NS | |
| ICU | 8 (3.7%) | 5 (3.8%) | 3 (3.7%) | NS | |
| Mortality | 5 (2.3%) | 4 (3%) | 1 (1.2%) | NS | |
| Length of hospital stay (d) | 6 (2) | 6 (2) | 6 (2) | NS | |
| Follow-up (mo) | 2 (3.75) | 2 (5.8) | 2 (2.5) | NS | |
NS: Non-significant; BMI: Body mass index; ASA: American Society of Anesthesiologists; ARDS: Acute respiratory distress syndrome; ICU: Intensive care unit.