Table 1.

Descriptive statistics.

Variable	(1) Overall		(2) 2015~2019		(3) 2020		Diff. (3)-(2)
	Mean	S.D.	Mean	S.D.	Mean	S.D.	t-Test
Urban food consumption (log)
Grain	4.735	0.155	4.725	0.155	4.787	0.146	0.062 **
Red meat	3.362	0.243	3.372	0.246	3.316	0.228	−0.056
Poultry	2.238	0.457	2.205	0.450	2.404	0.463	0.199 **
Aquatic products	2.445	0.655	2.434	0.651	2.500	0.682	0.066
Eggs	2.400	0.320	2.370	0.305	2.550	0.356	0.180 ***
Dairy	2.868	0.354	2.863	0.352	2.893	0.367	0.030
Vegetables	4.645	0.141	4.639	0.141	4.676	0.137	0.037
Fruits	4.081	0.296	4.068	0.296	4.145	0.290	0.077
Rural food consumption (log)
Grain	5.055	0.179	5.043	0.182	5.115	0.151	0.072 **
Red meat	3.171	0.321	3.186	0.327	3.093	0.281	−0.093
Poultry	2.000	0.672	1.942	0.653	2.288	0.700	0.346 ***
Aquatic products	1.889	0.910	1.855	0.901	2.057	0.952	0.202
Eggs	2.158	0.462	2.116	0.440	2.367	0.520	0.251 ***
Dairy	2.057	0.517	2.051	0.529	2.091	0.463	0.040
Vegetables	4.444	0.326	4.429	0.338	4.521	0.250	0.092
Fruits	3.576	0.539	3.552	0.547	3.699	0.482	0.147
Measures of COVID-19 (log)
Number of confirmed cases	1.015	2.374	0.000	0.000	6.093	1.674	6.093 ***
Number of suspect cases	0.430	1.321	0.000	0.000	2.578	2.245	2.578 ***
Number of dead cases	0.253	0.835	0.000	0.000	1.521	1.519	1.521 ***
Control variables
Per capita GDP (log)	11.046	10.268	11.019	10.244	11.167	10.352	0.148 *
Proportion of primary industry (%)	9.834	9.052	9.888	9.627	9.565	5.430	−0.323
Child dependency ratio (%)	23.686	6.565	23.265	6.435	25.790	6.912	2.525 *
Old-age dependency ratio (%)	15.716	3.846	15.093	3.434	18.832	4.315	3.739 ***
Illiteracy rate (%)	5.803	6.048	6.107	6.212	4.283	4.962	−1.824

Notes: S.D., standard deviation, * p < 0.1, ** p < 0.05, *** p < 0.01.