Table 2.

Impacts of COVID-19 on urban and rural dietary consumption.

	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)
	Grain	Red Meat	Poultry	Aquatic Products	Eggs	Dairy	Vegetables	Fruits
Panel A: Urban areas
Number of confirmed cases	0.015 ***	−0.011 **	0.016 **	−0.001	0.022 ***	0.010 **	0.006	−0.005
	(0.004)	(0.004)	(0.006)	(0.005)	(0.004)	(0.005)	(0.004)	(0.004)
Per capita GDP	0.026 ***	0.012	−0.010	−0.006	−0.006	−0.002	0.008	0.007
	(0.009)	(0.010)	(0.009)	(0.010)	(0.006)	(0.010)	(0.010)	(0.009)
Proportion of primary industry	0.001 ***	0.001 ***	0.001 ***	−0.000	0.002 ***	−0.001 ***	−0.000	−0.001 **
	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)
Child dependency ratio	0.003	0.002	0.006	−0.001	0.002	0.004	0.008	−0.002
	(0.005)	(0.007)	(0.007)	(0.005)	(0.004)	(0.006)	(0.007)	(0.004)
Old-age dependency ratio	−0.000	−0.005	0.007	0.020 **	0.005	−0.015 *	−0.009	0.009
	(0.006)	(0.010)	(0.010)	(0.010)	(0.008)	(0.008)	(0.008)	(0.007)
Illiteracy rate	0.002	−0.012	0.013 **	0.007	0.021 ***	0.008	−0.011	0.002
	(0.006)	(0.011)	(0.005)	(0.007)	(0.005)	(0.010)	(0.016)	(0.008)
Constant	4.529 ***	3.387 ***	1.871 ***	2.128 ***	2.101 ***	2.949 ***	4.608 ***	3.868 ***
	(0.110)	(0.129)	(0.191)	(0.166)	(0.127)	(0.123)	(0.140)	(0.150)
Provincial fixed effects	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Year fixed effects	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
R 2	0.280	0.125	0.602	0.275	0.631	0.076	0.124	0.373
Panel B: Rural areas
Number of confirmed cases	0.022 ***	−0.017 *	0.028 ***	0.013 ***	0.029 ***	0.020 **	0.009	−0.007
	(0.004)	(0.009)	(0.005)	(0.004)	(0.005)	(0.009)	(0.007)	(0.004)
Per capita GDP	−0.002	−0.005	−0.012	−0.001	−0.001	0.012	0.021 *	0.027 **
	(0.013)	(0.010)	(0.008)	(0.013)	(0.011)	(0.013)	(0.012)	(0.011)
Proportion of primary industry	−0.000	0.000	−0.001 **	0.000	0.000	−0.001 **	0.001 **	0.006 ***
	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.000)	(0.001)	(0.000)	(0.001)	(0.000)
Child dependency ratio	−0.017 **	−0.017	0.004	−0.011 *	−0.003	−0.015	0.013	−0.003
	(0.007)	(0.011)	(0.008)	(0.006)	(0.007)	(0.011)	(0.014)	(0.008)
Old-age dependency ratio	0.018 *	0.006	−0.000	0.009	0.017	0.025	−0.014	0.006
	(0.010)	(0.009)	(0.008)	(0.011)	(0.012)	(0.024)	(0.015)	(0.012)
Illiteracy rate	0.029 **	0.037 **	0.019 **	0.016 **	0.031 ***	0.060 *	−0.017	−0.020
	(0.011)	(0.017)	(0.007)	(0.007)	(0.010)	(0.035)	(0.027)	(0.019)
Constant	5.034 ***	3.211 ***	1.675 ***	1.795 ***	1.706 ***	1.557 ***	4.304 ***	3.340 ***
	(0.177)	(0.173)	(0.173)	(0.172)	(0.198)	(0.352)	(0.224)	(0.176)
Provincial fixed effects	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
Year fixed effects	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes	Yes
R 2	0.345	0.295	0.802	0.679	0.636	0.264	0.186	0.668

Notes: Standard errors in parentheses are clustered at the provincial level. * p < 0.1, ** p < 0.05, *** p < 0.01