. 2022 Jun 22;19(13):7612. doi: 10.3390/ijerph19137612

Table 4.

Impacts of COVID-19 on urban and rural dietary consumption: heterogeneity by old-age dependency ratio.

	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)
	Grain	Red Meat	Poultry	Aquatic Products	Eggs	Dairy	Vegetables	Fruits
Panel A: Urban areas
Number of confirmed cases (high old-age dependency ratio)	0.022 ***	−0.023 ***	0.019 ***	−0.003	0.024 ***	0.016 ***	0.014 ***	0.007 *
Number of confirmed cases (high old-age dependency ratio)	(0.005)	(0.008)	(0.004)	(0.002)	(0.003)	(0.005)	(0.005)	(0.004)
R ²	0.479	0.308	0.630	0.492	0.810	0.218	0.255	0.643
Number of confirmed cases (low old-age dependency ratio)	0.008	−0.001	0.004	−0.007	0.010	0.001	0.007	−0.006
Number of confirmed cases (low old-age dependency ratio)	(0.013)	(0.004)	(0.019)	(0.017)	(0.011)	(0.008)	(0.007)	(0.012)
R ²	0.158	0.254	0.380	0.095	0.264	0.175	0.326	0.166
Panel B: Rural areas
Number of confirmed cases (high old-age dependency ratio)	0.023 ***	−0.021 ***	0.032 ***	0.007	0.029 ***	0.007	0.013 **	0.007
Number of confirmed cases (high old-age dependency ratio)	(0.006)	(0.004)	(0.011)	(0.004)	(0.006)	(0.005)	(0.005)	(0.004)
R ²	0.405	0.517	0.653	0.758	0.762	0.367	0.314	0.781
Number of confirmed cases (low old-age dependency ratio)	0.014 ***	−0.009	0.022 ***	0.015	0.009	−0.011	0.015	−0.007
Number of confirmed cases (low old-age dependency ratio)	(0.005)	(0.024)	(0.006)	(0.011)	(0.013)	(0.026)	(0.017)	(0.011)
R ²	0.380	0.308	0.832	0.499	0.464	0.433	0.291	0.566

Notes: Standard errors in parentheses are clustered at the provincial level. All regressions included control variables, including per capita GDP, proportion of output value of the primary industry, child support ratio, old-age dependency ratio, and illiteracy rate. Provincial fixed effects and year fixed effects are also controlled in the regressions. * p < 0.1, ** p < 0.05, *** p < 0.01.