Table 5.

Impacts of COVID-19 on urban and rural dietary consumption: heterogeneity by illiteracy rate.

	(1)	(2)	(3)	(4)	(5)	(6)	(7)	(8)
	Grain	Red Meat	Poultry	Aquatic Products	Eggs	Dairy	Vegetables	Fruits
Panel A: Urban areas
Number of confirmed cases (high illiteracy rate)	0.003	−0.005	0.006	−0.003	0.014	−0.003	−0.002	0.002
	(0.008)	(0.006)	(0.014)	(0.011)	(0.009)	(0.008)	(0.005)	(0.008)
R 2	0.111	0.124	0.382	0.252	0.291	0.151	0.234	0.286
Number of confirmed cases (low illiteracy rate)	0.020 ***	−0.020 ***	0.019 ***	−0.005	0.020 ***	0.017 ***	0.008	−0.010
	(0.006)	(0.005)	(0.005)	(0.007)	(0.004)	(0.005)	(0.005)	(0.006)
R 2	0.497	0.242	0.710	0.323	0.804	0.206	0.238	0.631
Panel B: Rural areas
Number of confirmed cases (high illiteracy rate)	0.013 *	−0.008	0.021 ***	0.004	0.018	−0.013	0.001	−0.011
	(0.007)	(0.022)	(0.007)	(0.006)	(0.011)	(0.015)	(0.010)	(0.009)
R 2	0.390	0.336	0.676	0.572	0.297	0.353	0.362	0.696
Number of confirmed cases (low illiteracy rate)	0.019 ***	−0.022 ***	0.031 ***	0.010 **	0.021 ***	0.006	0.010	−0.010
	(0.005)	(0.005)	(0.006)	(0.004)	(0.004)	(0.008)	(0.006)	(0.006)
R 2	0.516	0.344	0.836	0.795	0.827	0.296	0.348	0.691

Notes: Standard errors in parentheses are clustered at the provincial level. All regressions included control variables, including per capita GDP, proportion of output value of the primary industry, child support ratio, old-age dependency ratio, and illiteracy rate. Provincial fixed effects and year fixed effects are also controlled in the regressions. * p < 0.1, ** p < 0.05, *** p < 0.01.