Table 1.
GLP-1RAs: backbone modifications, frequency of administration and half-life.
| GLP-1RA | Backbone Modification | Frequency of Administration | Half-Life |
|---|---|---|---|
| Exenatide (Byetta/Bydureon) | Exendin-4 (resistant to DPP-4 cleavage, largely due to the substitution of the second amino acid from alanine to glycine) | Twice daily/weekly | 3.3–4 h |
| Lixisenatide (Adlyxin, Lyxumia) | Non-acylated GLP-1 (7–37) analogue based on exendin-4, but is modified by the deletion of one proline residue and with a C-terminal hexa-lysine extension | Daily | 2.6 h |
| Oral Semaglutide (Rybelsus); Semaglutide (Ozempic) |
Acylated Human GLP-1 (7–37) analogue | Once daily; weekly |
1 week |
| Liraglutide (Victoza) | Mammalian GLP-1, substitution of lysine for arginine at position 28 with the addition of C-16 fatty acid | Daily | 13 h |
| Dulaglutide (Trulicity) | Mammalian GLP-1; the GLP-1 portion of the molecule is fused to an IgG4 molecule, limiting renal clearance and prolonging activity |
Weekly | 1 week |
| Albiglutide (Eperzan and Tanzeum) | Two GLP-1 (7–36) molecules fused in tandem to human serum albumin | Weekly | 1 week |
| Taspoglutide | Modifications designed to delay DPP-4 cleavage and other serine proteases, with greater receptor binding | Weekly | 1 week |