Figure 2.

Physiological/pathological RNP granules regulated by PTMs. (a) Physiological RNP granules composed of proteins modified by PTMs, such as arginine methylation, phosphorylation, acetylation, ubiquitination, and glycosylation. PTMs can regulate RNP granule dynamics by affecting the interaction strength between proteins and nucleic acids. (b) RNP-binding proteins linked to neurodegenerative diseases can be modified by phosphorylation, acetylation, or PARylation (Figure 3), altering the biophysical properties. Accumulation of aggregates associated with altered RNP granules in neurons is a hallmark of several neurodegenerative diseases. (c) Abnormal RNP granules and aggregates can be degraded by granulophagy.