Table 1.
Formulations of delivery systems of essential oils of TC1 (Thymus capitatus, harvested in July), TC2 (Thymus capitatus, harvested in April), and TA (Thymus algeriensis, harvested in April).Abbreviations: HPH (High-Pressure Homogenization), T80 (Tween 80), LEC (Lecithin), PEC (Pectin), WP (Whey proteins), SO (Sunflower oil), QS (Quillaja saponin), ZN (Zein), GA (Gum arabic), MD (Maltodextrin).
| Formulation | EO % | Emulsifiers/Stabilizers | EO:Emulsifier Ratio | Methods | Conditions |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| F1 | TC1 (1% wt.) | 0.5% wt. T80 | 2:1 | HPH | 100 MPa, 5 passes |
| F2 | TC1 (1.5% wt.) | 1.5% wt. T80 | 1:1 | HPH | 100 MPa, 5 passes |
| F3 | TC1 (1.0% wt.) | 1.0% wt. LEC | 1:1 | HPH | 100 MPa, 5 passes |
| F4 | TC1 (0.1% wt.) | 0.2% wt. LEC | 1:2 | HPH | 100 MPa, 5 passes |
| F5 | TC1 (1.0% wt.) | 1.0% wt. LEC + 0.66% wt. PEC | 1:1 | HPH | 100 MPa, 5 passes |
| F6 | TC1 (0.1% wt.) | 0.2% wt. LEC + 0.166% wt. PEC | 1:2 | HPH | 100 MPa, 5 passes |
| F7 | TC1 (1% wt.) | 2.0% wt. WP | 1:2 | HPH | 100 MPa, 5 passes |
| F8 | TC1 (0.1% wt.) | 0.1% wt. SO + 0.4% wt. WP | 1:4 | HPH | 100 MPa, 5 passes |
| F9 | TC1 (0.1% wt.) | 0.1% wt. QS | 1:1 | HPH | 100 MPa, 5 passes |
| F10 | TC1 (0.4% wt.) | 1.0% wt. ZN | 1:2.5 | Solvent diffusion | Antisolvent precipitation of ethanol solution in water, ethanol removal under reduced pressure |
| F11 | TC1 (0.4% wt.) | 1.0% wt. ZN + 0.33% wt. PEC | 1:2.5 | Solvent diffusion | Antisolvent precipitation of ethanol solution in aqueous solution, ethanol removal under reduced pressure |
| F12 | TC1 (0.4% wt.) | 1.0% wt. ZN+ 0.33% wt. GA | 1:2.5 | Solvent diffusion | Antisolvent precipitation of ethanol solution in aqueous solution, ethanol removal under reduced pressure |
| F13 | TC1 (0.4% wt.) | 1.0% wt. ZN + 0.33% wt. MD | 1:2.5 | Solvent diffusion | Antisolvent precipitation of ethanol solution in aqueous solution, ethanol removal under reduced pressure |
| F14 | TC2 (1.5% wt.) | 1.5% wt. T80 | 1:1 | HPH | 100 MPa, 5 passes |
| F15 | TC2 (0.1% wt.) | 0.2% wt. LEC | 1:2 | HPH | 100 MPa, 5 passes |
| F16 | TC2 (0.1% wt.) | 0.2% wt. LEC + 0.166% wt. PEC | 1:2 | HPH | 100 MPa, 5 passes |
| F17 | TC2 (0.1% wt.) | 0.1% wt. SO. 0.4% wt. WP | 1:1 | HPH | 100 MPa, 5 passes |
| F18 | TC2 (0.1% wt.) | 0.1% wt. QS | 1:1 | HPH | 100 MPa, 5 passes |
| F19 | TC2 (0.4% wt.) | 1.0% wt. ZN | 1:2.5 | Solvent diffusion | Antisolvent precipitation of ethanol solution in water, ethanol removal under reduced pressure |
| F20 | TC2 (0.4% wt.) | 1.0% wt. ZN + 0.33% wt. PEC | 1:2.5 | Solvent diffusion | Antisolvent precipitation of ethanol solution in aqueous solution, ethanol removal under reduced pressure |
| F21 | TC2 (0.4% wt.) | 1.0% wt. ZN + 0.33% wt. GA | 1:2.5 | Solvent diffusion | Antisolvent precipitation of ethanol solution in aqueous solution, ethanol removal under reduced pressure |
| F22 | TC2 (0.4% wt.) | 1.0% wt. ZN + 0.33% wt. MD | 1:2.5 | Solvent diffusion | Antisolvent precipitation of ethanol solution in aqueous solution, ethanol removal under reduced pressure |
| F23 | TA (1.5% wt.) | 1.5% wt. T80 | 1:1 | HPH | 100 MPa, 5 passes |
| F24 | TA (0.1% wt.) | 0.2% wt. LEC | 1:2 | HPH | 100 MPa, 5 passes |
| F25 | TA (0.1% wt.) | 0.2% wt. LEC + 0.17% wt. PEC | 1:2 | HPH | 100 MPa, 5 passes |
| F26 | TA (0.1% wt.) | 0.1% wt. SO. 0.4% wt. WP | 1:1 | HPH | 100 MPa, 5 passes |
| F27 | TA (0.1% wt.) | 0.1% wt. QS | 1:1 | HPH | 100 MPa, 5 passes |
| F28 | TA (0.4% wt.) | 1.0% wt. ZN | 1:2.5 | Solvent diffusion | Antisolvent precipitation of ethanol solution in water, ethanol removal under reduced pressure |
| F29 | TA (0.4% wt.) | 1.0% wt. ZN + 0.33% wt. PEC | 1:2.5 | Solvent diffusion | Antisolvent precipitation of ethanol solution in aqueous solution, ethanol removal under reduced pressure |
| F30 | TA (0.4% wt.) | 1.0% wt. ZN + 0.33% wt. GA | 1:2.5 | Solvent diffusion | Antisolvent precipitation of ethanol solution in aqueous solution, ethanol removal under reduced pressure |
| F31 | TA (0.4% wt.) | 1.0% wt. ZN + 0.33% wt. MD | 1:2.5 | Solvent diffusion | Antisolvent precipitation of ethanol solution in aqueous solution, ethanol removal under reduced pressure |