Table 5.
T0 | T60 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ctrl (n = 23) | GP+ (n = 23) | p | Ctrl (n = 23) | GP+ (n = 23) | p | |
Fatty Acids (%) | ||||||
C4:0 | 2.69 ± 0.37 | 2.60 ± 0.33 | ns | 3.13 ± 0.20 | 3.41 ± 0.28 | ns |
C6:0 | 3.04 ± 0.35 | 2.85 ± 0.33 | ns | 3.31 ± 0.15 | 3.24 ± 0.24 | ns |
C8:0 | 3.63 ± 0.33 | 3.39 ± 0.35 | ns | 3.73 ± 0.10 | 3.38 ± 0.24 | ns |
C10:0 | 13.14 ± 0.86 | 12.12 ± 0.95 | ns | 13.20 ± 0.27 | 11.26 ± 0.64 | ns |
C12:0 | 7.98 ± 0.36 | 7.17 ± 0.39 | ns | 7.24 ± 0.26 | 6.12 ± 0.34 | <0.05 |
C14:0 | 13.17 ± 0.28 | 13.14 ± 0.34 | ns | 14.21 ± 0.27 | 13.38 ± 0.49 | <0.05 |
C15:0 | 1.12 ± 0.05 | 1.13 ± 0.04 a | ns | 1.08 ± 0.02 | 0.92 ± 0.04 b | <0.01 |
C16:0 | 26.22 ± 0.86 | 27.69 ± 0.95 | ns | 26.47 ± 0.60 | 27.89 ± 1.19 | ns |
C17:0 | 0.44 ± 0.03 | 0.50 ± 0.04 | ns | 0.46 ± 0.02 | 0.42 ± 0.03 | ns |
C18:0 | 5.50 ± 0.43 | 6.19 ± 0.42 | ns | 6.23 ± 0.24 | 6.06 ± 0.63 | ns |
C14:1, c9 | 0.44 ± 0.02 | 0.48 ± 0.02 a | ns | 0.51 ± 0.02 | 0.38 ± 0.02 b | <0.001 |
C16:1, c9 | 1.21 ± 0.05 | 1.27 ± 0.05 | ns | 1.22 ± 0.04 | 1.38 ± 0.10 | ns |
C18:1, t11 | 1.01 ± 0.60 | 0.42 ± 0.08 | ns | 0.45 ± 0.05 | 1.76 ± 0.92 | ns |
C18:1, c9 | 11.69 ± 0.77 | 12.79 ± 0.92 | ns | 11.34 ± 0.49 | 12.30 ± 0.79 | ns |
C18:1, c11 | 0.13 ± 0.03 | 0.10 ± 0.01 | ns | 0.08 ± 0.01 | 0.09 ± 0.02 | ns |
CLA | 1.13 ± 0.08 | 1.18 ± 0.10 | ns | 1.10 ± 0.05 | 1.20 ± 0.11 | ns |
C 18:2, c9, c11 | 3.37 ± 0.44 | 2.97 ± 0.21 | ns | 2.42 ± 0.14 | 3.23 ± 0.46 | ns |
C 18:3, c9, c12, c15 | 0.77 ± 0.06 | 0.79 ± 0.06 | ns | 0.57 ± 0.03 | 0.55 ± 0.05 | ns |
Others | 3.31 ± 0.08 | 3.22 ± 0.05 | ns | 3.26 ± 0.08 | 3.02 ± 0.11 | ns |
SFA | 76.94 ± 1.26 | 76.78 ± 1.23 | ns | 79.06 ± 0.75 | 76.09 ± 1.44 | ns |
MUFA | 14.48 ± 0.79 | 15.06 ± 0.91 | ns | 13.59 ± 0.55 | 15.91 ± 0.93 | <0.05 |
PUFA | 5.27 ± 0.53 | 4.93 ± 0.35 | ns | 4.09 ± 0.53 | 4.98 ± 1.74 | ns |
SCSFA | 5.73 ± 0.72 | 5.45 ± 0.66 | ns | 6.43 ± 0.34 | 6.65 ± 0.49 | ns |
MCSFA | 39.05 ± 1.59 | 36.96 ± 1.79 | ns | 39.45 ± 0.64 | 35.06 ± 1.38 | <0.01 |
LCSFA | 32.16 ± 1.26 | 34.37 ± 1.30 | ns | 33.17 ± 0.52 | 34.37 ± 1.35 | ns |
C14 Index | 32.38 ± 0.17 | 31.81 ± 0.19 | ns | 35.48 ± 0.17 | 28.17 ± 0.24 | <0.05 |
C16 Index | 44.56 ± 0.21 | 44.01 ± 0.13 | ns | 44.30 ± 0.16 | 46.62 ± 0.19 | ns |
C18 Index | 68.24 ± 0.66 a | 67.32 ± 0.63 | ns | 64.45 ± 0.56 b | 67.71 ± 1.41 | <0.05 |
CLA Index | 68.49 ± 0.59 | 74.46 ± 3.67 | ns | 71.83 ± 2.63 | 63.21 ± 7.82 | ns |
AI | 4.64 ± 0.37 | 4.59 ± 0.33 | ns | 5.25 ± 0.31 | 4.45 ± 0.44 | ns |
TI | 8.30 ± 0.36 | 8.04 ± 0.08 | ns | 7.53 ± 0.15 | 7.92 ± 0.29 | ns |
Data are reported as mean relative percentage of total FAMEs ± SE. CLA = Conjugated Linoleic Acids; SFA = Saturated Fatty Acids; MUFA = Monounsaturated Fatty Acids; PUFA = Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids; SCSFA = Short Chain Saturated Fatty Acids (C4:0-C6:0), MCSFA = Medium Chain Saturated Fatty Acids (C8:0-C15:0); LCSFA = Long Chain Saturated Fatty Acids (C16:0-C18:0); C14 Index = [(C14:1, c9)/(C14:0 + C14:1, c9)]*100; C16 Index = [(C16:1, c9)/(C16:0 + C16:1, c9)]*100; C18 Index = [(C18:1, c9)/(C18:0 + C18:1, c9)]*100; CLA Index = (CLA/(C18:1, t11 + CLA)]*100; AI = Atherogenic Index; TI = Thrombogenic Index. a,b Means in the same row with different uppercase superscript letters are significantly different by time (p < 0.05). ns = not significant (p > 0.05).