Table 1.
Relationship between risk factors and aspects correlated with caries experience (N = 30): Socioeconomic factors (SE), Cerebral Palsy Subtype (CPS), Demographics (D), Condition of Oral Cavity (OC), Dental Habits (DH) and Nutrition and Diet (ND).
| Reference | Risk Factors | Aspects Significantly Correlated with Caries Experience | Aspects Not Significantly Correlated with Caries Experience | Country | Population Characteristics | Study Type | Risk of Bias |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Santos et al. 2009 [6] | ND, OC, D | Low oral motor control Liquid diet Sugar intake Age |
- | Brazil | 108 children 4–19 y in rehabilitation | Cross-sectional | Fair |
| De Carvalho et al. 2011 [10] | CPS, DH | Dental health habits of caregiver | Subtype of spastic CP | Brazil | 52 children 7–18 y in rehabilitation | Cross-sectional | Good |
| De Camargo & Antunes 2008 [11] | SE, CPS, ND | Low caregiver education Crowded household Sugar intake |
Domestic income Subtype of spastic CP Diet consistency |
Brazil | 200 institutionalised children 2–17 y | Cross-sectional | Fair—high subject dropout rate noted |
| Santos & Nogueira 2005 [13] | CPS, OC | Subtype of spastic CP (hemiplegic children and adolescents with CP had less caries) Biting reflex |
- | Brazil | 124 non-institutionalised children 3–17 y | Cross-sectional | Fair |
| Sinha et al. 2015 [14] | DH | Low tooth brushing frequency Dental visit frequency |
- | India | 100 children, 50 with CP and 50 non-CP | Case control | Fair |
| Moreira et al. 2012 [15] | SE, CPS | Low intellectual ability | Domestic income | Brazil | 165 children from rehabilitation centre, special school and public school | Cross-sectional | Good |
| Dourado et al. 2013 [16] | SE, CPS | Low intellectual ability | Domestic income | Brazil | 76 CP children from rehabilitation centre compared to 89 without impairment | Case control | Good |
| Liu et al. 2014 [17] | SE, D, DH, ND | Sex Low tooth brushing frequency |
Domestic income Snacking frequency |
China | 477 children from special education schools 12–17y | Cross-sectional | Fair |
| Cardoso et al. 2014 [18] | SE, CPS, DH, ND | Low caregiver education Neurological CP classification (spastic) |
Domestic income Tooth brushing frequency Dental visit frequency Diet consistency Snacking frequency |
Brazil | 97 children 2–18 y from reference centre for CP children | Cross-sectional | Good |
| Hartwig et al. 2016 [19] | SE | Low domestic income Low caregiver education |
- | Brazil | Records from university dental clinic, 7 mth–12 y | Cross-sectional | Poor – data obtained from dental records |
| Subasi et al. 2007 [20] | SE, DH | Low caregiver education Dental habits of mother Dental visits |
- | Turkey | 35 children 3-12 y | Cross-sectional | Fair |
| De Camargo et al. 2011 [21] | SE, ND | Sugar intake >1 sibling Low caregiver education |
- | Brazil | 200 children 2–17 y from non-government organisation | Longitudinal | Good |
| Chu & Lo 2010 [22] | CPS | - | Subtype of spastic CP | Hong Kong | 65 children from special schools | Cross-sectional | Fair |
| Diniz et al. 2015 [23] | CPS, D | Age | Subtype of spastic CP Sex |
Brazil | 181 non-institutionalised children in oral health program, 4–12 y | Cross-sectional | Fair |
| Akhter et al. 2017 [24] | CPS, D, DH | Subtype of spastic CP (quadriplegia) High motor dysfunction (GMFCS IV-V) Age Low tooth brushing frequency |
- | Bangladesh | 90 children from CP register, 2–17 y | Cross-sectional | Fair |
| Bourke & Jago 1983 [25] | CPS | Neurological CP classification (spastic) | - | Australia | 100 parents with CP attending centre | Cross-sectional | Fair |
| Sedky 2018 [26] | CPS, D, OC, DH | Subtype of spastic CP (quadriplegia) High motor dysfunction (GMFCS IV-V) Age Drooling Low tooth brushing frequency |
- | Egypt | 62 children 3–12 y in hospital | Cross-sectional | Good |
| Huang et al. 2010 [27] | CPS, D | Low intellectual ability Age |
Sex | Taiwan | 345 institutionalised children under 18 y | Cross-sectional | Good |
| Santos et al. 2014 [28] | CPS, D, OC | Low general motor ability Low oral motor control Low salivary flow rate High salivary osmolality |
Age | Brazil | 65 children 6–13 y spastic CP in rehabilitation centre | Cross-sectional | Fair |
| Dwizak et al. 2017 [29] | CPS | Physical disability | - | Germany | 1283 children 6–16 y | Cross-sectional | Fair |
| Roberto et al. 2012 [30] | D, ND | Age | Sugar intake | Brazil | 266 dental records 1–5 y | Cross-sectional | Poor – data obtained from dental records |
| Wyne et al. 2017 [31] | D | Age | - | Saudi Arabia | 52 children | Cross-sectional | Poor – participant bias from survey |
| Gimenez-Prats et al. 2003 [32] | D | - | Sex | Spain | 103 children 5–20 y in hospital | Cross-sectional | Fair |
| De Castilho et al. 2017 [33] | OC | Less bruxism and dental attrition | - | Brazil | 171 records of female children 1–13 y | Cross-sectional | Fair |
| Subramaniam et al. 2014 [34] | OC | Low salivary antioxidant capacity Low salivary pH |
- | India | 34 non-institutionalised children 7–12 y vs. 33 matched healthy children | Case control | Good |
| Subramaniam et al. 2010 [35] | OC | Low salivary pH | - | India | 100 non-institutionalised children 5–12 y vs. 100 matched healthy children | Case control | Good |
| Hegde et al. 2008 [36] | OC | - | Drooling | India | 113 children 5–18 y attending special schools | Cross-sectional | Fair |
| Ruiz et al. 2018 [37] | OC | - | Salivary osmolality | Brazil | 52 CP children in rehabilitation vs. 52 healthy children, 4–20 y | Case control | Good |
| Storhaug 1985 [38] | ND | Sugar intake | Sweetened medication | Norway | 436 children 1–6 y attending health centre | Cross-sectional | Fair |
| Grzic et al. 2011 [39] | ND | - | Diet consistency | Croatia | 43 institutionalised children 7–16 y vs. 43 matched healthy children | Case control | Good |