. 2022 Jun 29;19(13):7957. doi: 10.3390/ijerph19137957

Table 4.

Risk of Selected Types of Mental Health Conditions in Contract Holders According to Stress and Sleep Status, 2020.

	Anxiety			Depression			ADHD
	Risk Ratio ^†	95% LCL ^†	95% UCL ^†	Risk Ratio ^†	95% LCL ^†	95% UCL ^†	Risk Ratio ^†	95% LCL ^†	95% UCL ^†
Neither	1.00			1.00			1.00
Stress	3.66	3.15	4.26	3.62	3.05	4.29	2.45	1.50	4.02
Sleep ¹	2.55	2.30	2.83	2.91	2.62	3.23	2.68	2.12	3.40
Both	5.84	4.73	7.21	6.98	5.76	8.47	5.93	3.09	11.41
Neither	1.00			1.00			1.00
Stress	3.35	2.90	3.87	3.29	2.85	3.79	2.55	1.67	3.89
Sleep ²	1.95	1.73	2.20	2.40	1.99	2.91	2.43	1.54	3.86
Both	4.66	3.65	5.94	4.63	3.36	6.38	1.83	0.53	6.30
Neither	1.00			1.00			1.00
Stress	3.29	2.89	3.75	3.26	2.84	3.74	2.55	1.70	3.83
Sleep ³	1.18	0.87	1.61	1.08	0.77	1.49	1.83	1.00	3.34
Both	3.04	1.42	6.47	1.74	0.66	4.59	---	---	---
Neither	1.00			1.00			1.00
Stress	3.35	2.90	3.87	3.66	3.12	4.29	2.20	1.35	3.60
Sleep ⁴	1.95	1.73	2.20	2.55	2.27	2.87	2.20	1.69	2.85
Both	4.66	3.65	5.94	6.59	5.30	8.20	8.34	4.38	15.89
	Bipolar Disorder			OCD			Schizophrenia
	Risk Ratio ^†	95% LCL ^†	95% UCL ^†	Risk Ratio ^†	95% LCL ^†	95% UCL ^†	Risk Ratio ^†	95% LCL ^†	95% UCL ^†
Neither	1.00			1.00			1.00
Stress	11.06	6.44	19.01	4.74	2.05	10.93	6.36	1.37	29.52
Sleep ¹	5.14	3.37	7.84	3.30	1.83	5.97	3.27	1.18	9.10
Both	4.45	1.12	17.63	8.59	2.22	33.33	11.52	1.50	88.57
Neither	1.00			1.00			1.00
Stress	7.55	4.47	12.75	4.41	2.05	9.50	5.85	1.28	26.85
Sleep ²	9.11	5.48	15.15	5.77	2.38	13.97	17.29	5.89	50.71
Both	9.56	2.63	34.68	8.55	1.29	56.66	58.76	6.35	543.32
Neither	1.00			1.00
Stress	6.12	3.73	10.06	4.55	2.12	9.77	---	---	---
Sleep ³	0.94	0.32	2.74	2.44	0.69	8.63	---	---	---
Both	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---	---
Neither	1.00			1.00			1.00
Stress	9.79	5.86	16.37	5.77	2.77	12.02	4.86	1.08	21.79
Sleep ⁴	2.92	1.87	4.57	2.51	1.22	5.14	0.47	0.06	3.96
Both	1.00	0.23	4.32	---	---	---	8.36	1.13	61.66

Data source: DMBA. Stress 1: Stress with/without mental illness. Stress 2: Stress without mental illness. --- Insufficient numbers to compute. ADHD: attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; OCD: obsessive-compulsive disorder. ^† Adjusted for age, sex, marital status, dependent children, and sleep disorders. ¹ Any sleep disorder; ² insomnia; ³ hypersomnia; ⁴ sleep apnea.