Table 1.
Risk of bias assessment of included studies.
| Study | RAND | ALLO | BLPP | BLOA | INCDAT | SELREP | OTBI |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Steinhauser et al., 2008 [16] | ? | ? | HIGH | LOW | LOW | LOW | LOW |
| Ando et al., 2010 [22] | LOW | LOW | HIGH | LOW | ? | LOW | LOW |
| Do Carmo et al., 2017 [23] | LOW | LOW | HIGH | LOW | ? | LOW | LOW |
| Juliao et al., 2014 [24] | LOW | LOW | HIGH | LOW | ? | LOW | LOW |
| Kwan et al., 2019 [25] | LOW | LOW | LOW | LOW | ? | LOW | HIGH |
| Savard et al., 2006 [26] | LOW | LOW | HIGH | LOW | HIGH | LOW | LOW |
| NG et al., 2016 [27] | ? | ? | HIGH | ? | ? | LOW | LOW |
| Warth et al., 2020 [28] | LOW | LOW | HIGH | HIGH | LOW | LOW | LOW |
| Rodin et al., 2019 [32] | LOW | LOW | HIGH | ? | LOW | LOW | LOW |
Note. RAND: random sequence generation; ALLO: allocation concealment; BLPP: blinding of participants and personnel; BLOA: blinding of outcome assessment; INCDAT: incomplete data; SELREP: selective reporting; OTBI: other bias. HIGH: high bias of reporting; LOW: low bias of reporting; ?: no information provided.