Table 2.
Functional Outcomes Before and After Training.
| Control | RAGO | Mean Difference (95% CI) ¶ | p-Value † | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| N = 16 | N = 16 | |||
| Muscle Strength (Motricity Index of lower extremity) | ||||
| Before training | 17.2 (9.50) | 19.1 (5.42) | −1.87 (−7.52, 3.77) | 0.62 |
| After training | 18.2 (9.60) | 21.8 (4.89) | −3.62 (−9.20, 1.95) | 0.31 |
| p-value ‡ | 0.36 | 0.04 * | ||
| Difference | 1.0 (4.15) | 2.7 (4.42) | −1.75 (−4.84, 1.34) | 0.21 |
| Balance (Berg Balance Scale) | ||||
| Before training | 25.8 (21.88) | 22.3 (16.44) | 3.50 (−10.47, 17.47) | 0.74 |
| After training | 29.4 (22.84) | 28.3 (16.89) | 1.12 (−13.43, 15.68) | 0.91 |
| p-value ‡ | 0.02 * | <0.0001 * | ||
| Difference | 3.6 (5.82) | 5.9 (4.43) | −2.37 (−6.11, 1.36) | 0.03 * |
| Daily Activity Independence (Barthel Index) | ||||
| Before training | 56.9 (38.38) | 57.5 (28.58) | −0.62 (−25.05, 23.80) | 0.95 |
| After training | 59.7 (36.76) | 63.4 (25.61) | −3.75 (−26.74, 19.24) | 0.88 |
| p-value ‡ | 0.42 | 0.02 * | ||
| Difference | 2.8 (9.99) | 5.9 (8.21) | −3.12 (−9.72, 3.47) | 0.29 |
| Mobility on level surfaces | ||||
| Before training | 7.5 (6.33) | 8.8 (5.63) | −1.25 (−5.57, 3.07) | 0.58 |
| After training | 8.1 (6.55) | 10.9 (5.23) | −2.81 (−7.09, 1.46) | 0.19 |
| p-value ‡ | 0.16 | 0.04 * | ||
| Difference | 0.6 (1.70) | 2.2 (4.07) | −1.56 (−3.86, 0.73) | 0.19 |
| Cognition Function (Mini–Mental State Examination) | ||||
| Before training | 21.3 (8.96) | 21.6 (8.07) | −0.25 (−6.40, 5.90) | 0.91 |
| After training | 22.7 (8.07) | 23.6 (7.92) | −0.87 (−6.64, 4.89) | 0.39 |
| p-value ‡ | 0.03 * | 0.02 * | ||
| Difference | 1.4 (2.28) | 2.0 (3.31) | −0.62 (−2.67, 1.42) | 0.21 |
| Walking Ability (Functional Ambulation Category) | ||||
| Before training | 2.7 (1.85) | 2.2 (1.60) | 0.50 (−0.75, 1.75) | 0.44 |
| After training | 3.1 (2.00) | 2.5 (1.71) | 0.62 (−0.71, 1.96) | 0.29 |
| p-value ‡ | 0.06 | 0.06 | ||
| Difference | 0.4 (0.89) | 0.3 (0.48) | 0.12 (−0.39, 0.64) | 0.82 |
RAGO, robot-assisted gait orthosis; CI, confidence interval; Mobility on level surfaces: Barthel Index for Activities of Daily Living subscale. Time of measurements: Before training (t = 0), 1 day before starting session 1; After training (t = 1), 1 day after the completion of session 12. Difference = After-training score − Before-training score. † Mann-Whitney U test. ‡ Wilcoxon signed rank test. * Statistically significant (p < 0.05). ¶ Mean difference, control vs. RAGO groups.