Table 4.
Brunnstrom Stage Before and After Training.
| Brunnstrom Stage | Control N = 16 |
RAGO N = 16 |
Mean Difference (95% CI) ¶ | p-Value † |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Upper extremity | ||||
| Before training | 3.4 (1.21) | 3.7 (1.34) | −0.31 (−1.23, 0.61) | 0.53 |
| After training | 3.7 (1.24) | 4.0 (1.28) | −0.31 (−1.22, 0.60) | 0.49 |
| p-value ‡ | 0.06 | 0.03 * | ||
| Difference | 0.3 (0.60) | 0.3 (0.54) | 0.05 (−0.39, 0.49) | 0.79 |
| Lower extremity | ||||
| Before training | 3.5 (0.89) | 3.8 (0.84) | −0.31 (−0.93, 0.31) | 0.37 |
| After training | 3.9 (0.81) | 4.0 (0.99) | −0.18 (−0.84, 0.46) | 0.52 |
| p-value ‡ | 0.08 | 0.06 | ||
| Difference | 0.4 (0.80) | 0.3 (0.51) | 0.12 (−0.41, 0.66) | 0.52 |
RAGO, robot-assisted gait orthosis; CI, confidence interval. Time of measurements: Before training (t = 0), 1 day before starting session 1; After training (t = 1), 1 day after the completion of session 12. Difference = After-training score − Before-training score. † Mann-Whitney U test. ‡ Wilcoxon signed rank test. * Statistically significant (p < 0.05). ¶ Mean difference, control vs. RAGO group.