Table 6.
Removal efficiencies of contaminants with selected algal–bacterial consortia.
| Consortium | Class of Compounds |
Compound | Cultivation System |
Removal Rate | Contaminated Matrix |
References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Pharmaceuticals | ||||||
| Chlorella vulgaris with heterotrophs | Antibiotics | Tetracycline | High-rate algal ponds | 69% | Urban wastewater | [226] |
|
Chlorella sp., Pseudomonas aeuroginosa, Pseudominas sp. with Stenotrophomonas |
A/A A/A NSAID NSAID |
Paracetamol P-aminophenol Ketoprofen Salycilic acid |
Stirred-tank packed-bed reactor | 100% 100% 98% 95% |
Urban wastewater | [295] |
| Artemia sp., Spirulina sp. with bacterial consortium | NSAID | Ketoprofen | 5 mM | Wastewater effluents |
[296] | |
| Algal–bacterial consortium from high-rate algal ponds | NSAID NSAID NSAID |
Ibuprofen Naproxen Salicylic acid Triclosan Propylparaben |
Photobioreactor operating at a hydraulic retention time | 94% 52% 98% 100% 100% |
Urban wastewater | [292] |
| Nutrients | ||||||
| Chlorella vulgaris with Bacillus licheniformis and Microcystis aeruginosa with Bacillus licheniformis | - | TDN TDP COD |
Reactor (conical flask) | 89% 80% 87% |
Synthetic wastewater | [288] |
| Scenedesmus quadricauda with bacteria from nitrogen-enriched activated sludge | - | NH4+ | 100% | Synthetic wastewater | [289] | |
| Chlorella vulgaris with bacteria | - | P DOC NH4+ |
Tabular photobioreactor |
98% 26% 97% |
Municipal wastewater | [297] |
| Scenedesmus sp. with bacteria | - | COD TN TP |
92% 95% 98% |
Municipal wastewater | [298] | |
|
Chlamydomonas and Euglena with cyanobacteria, Microcystis aeruginosa |
COD TN NH4+ TP BOD5 |
Waste stabilization pond |
78% 87% 99% 97% 89% |
Domestic wastewater | [299] | |
| Chlorella vulgaris with bacteria | - | N TP COD |
100% 100% 90–95% |
Synthetically made municipal wastewater |
[300] | |
| Metals | ||||||
| Ulothrix sp. with bacteria consortium | - | Cu Ni Mn Zn |
Laboratory-scale photo-rotating biological contactor | 50% 50% 40–45% 35% |
Drainage wastewater | [11] |
| Chlorella sp., Chlorella sp. and Scenedesmus obliquus with Rhodococcus sp. and Kibdelosporangium | - | Cu Ni Mn |
- | 62% 62% 70% |
Industrial wastewater | [12] |
| Chlorella sorokiniana with Ralstonia basilensis | - | Cu | - | 8.5 mg/g | Synthetic wastewater | [301] |
A/A: analgesics and antipyretics; BOD: biochemical oxygen demand; TP: total phosphorus; TN: total nitrogen; DOC: dissolved organic carbon; COD: chemical oxygen demands.