Table 1.
Main characteristics of the included studies and socio-demographic characteristics of the patients. Age results are presented as mean (SD) or median [p25–p75] according to the distribution.
| Study | Country | Recruitment Period | Evaluation Period | Patients | Control | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N [% female] |
Age | Education | N [% female] |
Age | Education | ||||
| Woo et al., 2020 [21] | Germany | July 2020 | 3 months of follow-up | 18 [55%] | 42.2 (14.3) | >12 | 10 [40%] | 38.4 (14.4) | >12 |
| Zhou et al., 2020 [22] | China | Uns. | Uns. | 29 [38%] | 47.0 (10.5) | 12.6 (2.8) | 29 [59%] | 42.5 (6.9) | 12.4 (3.1) |
| Alemanno et al., 2021 [23] | Italy | March to June 2020 | Follow-up: one month after home-discharge | 87 [29%] | 67.2 (12.9) | Uns. | / | / | / |
| Amalakanti et al., 2021 [24] | India | June and July 2020 | Uns. | 93 [52%] | 36.2 (11.7) | Uns. | 102 [55%] | 35.6 (9.8) | Uns. |
| Becker et al., 2021 [25] | USA | April 2020 to May 2021 | Uns. | 740 [63%] | 49.0 (14.2) | 103 less than 12 years | / | / | / |
| Davis et al., 2021 [26] | 56 different countries | September to November 2020 | Follow-up: up to 7 months | 3762 [79%] | 18–80 years old | Uns. | / | / | / |
| Del Brutto et al., 2021 [27] | Ecuador | March to May 2020 | Follow-up: up to 6 months | 50 [63%] | 62.7 (11.9) | Uns. | 28 [63%] | 62.7 (11.9) | Uns. |
| Dressing et al., 2021 [28] | Germany | June 2020 to January 2021 | 202.3 ± 57.5 days after first positive COVID-19-PCR | 31 [64%] | 54.0 (2.1) | Uns. | / | / | / |
| Hampshire et al., 2021 [29] | UK (75,910) and other (5427) | January 2020 to December 2020 | Uns. | 81,337 [55%] | 46.7 (15.7) | * | / | / | / |
| Hosp et al., 2021 [30] | Germany | April to May 2020 | Uns. | 29 [38%] | 65.2 (14.4) | 13.2 (3.0) | / | / | / |
| Lamontagne et al., 2021 [31] | USA & Canada | January 2020 to March 2021 | Uns. | 50 [29%] | 30.8 (9.9) | 16.1 (2.9) | 50 [35%] | 29.1 (9.9) | 15.5 (2.9) |
| Mattioli et al., 2021 [32] | Italy | February 2020 | Follow-up: 4 months | 120 [75%] | 47.8 [26–65] | 16 [8–18] | 30 [73%] | 45.7 [23–62] | 18 [8–18] |
| Méndez et al., 2021 [33] | Spain | March to April 2020 | 1 year after hospital discharge | 171 [42%] | 58.0 [50–68] | 11 [8–16] | / | / | / |
| Miskowiak et al., 2021 [34] | Denmark | March to June 2020 | 3–4 months and 12 months after discharge | 29 [41%] | 56.2 (10.6) | 14.3 (3.9) | 100 [59%] | 56.0 (6.9) | 14.3 (3.0) |
| Norrefalk et al., 2021 [35] | Sweden | Uns. | Follow-up: 6 months | 100 [82%] | 44.5 (10.6) | <9 years (1), 10–12 years (31), >12 years (61), other (7) | / | / | / |
| Patel et al., 2021 [36] | USA | March to August 2020 | Uns. | 77 [36%] | 61.0 (16.6) | Uns. | / | / | / |
| Poletti et al., 2021 [37] | Italy | May 2020 to February 2021 | Follow-up: 1–3 and 6 months | 312 [62%] | 52.6 (8.8) | Uns. | 165 [44%] | 50.5 (9.2) | Uns. |
| Rousseau et al., 2021 [38] | Belgium | March to July 2020 | Follow-up: 3 months | 32 [28%] | 62 [49–68] | Uns. | / | / | / |
| Solaro et al., 2021 [39] | Italy | November 2020 to March 2021 | Uns. | 32 [41%] | 53.7 (4.8) | Uns. | / | / | / |
| Van den Borst et al., 2021 [40] | Netherlands | April to July 2020 | Follow-up: 3 months | 124 [40%] | 59.0 (14.0) | Low (30), Middle (34), High (60) | / | / | / |
| Vyas et al., 2021 [41] | India | April to August 2020 | Uns. | 300 [48%] | 15–70 years old | Uns. | / | / | / |
| Zhou et al., 2021 [42] | China | Uns. | Uns. | 1091 [47%] | 57.1 (9.2) | Uns. | 2793 [52%] | 57.7 (8.6) | Uns. |
| Aiello et al., 2022 [43] | Italy | May 2020 to May 2021 | Uns. | 45 [89%] | 63.3 (11.4) | 11.0 (3.9) | / | / | / |
| Bonizzato et al., 2022 [44] | Italy | Uns. | Follow-up: at discharge and after 3 months | 12 [42%] | 71.3 (10.1) | 7.2 (3.3) | / | / | / |
| Del Brutto et al., 2022 [45] | Ecuador | May to June 2020 | Uns. | 50 [63%] | 62.7 (11.9) | Uns. | 28 [63%] | 62.6 (11.8) | Uns. |
| Liu et al., 2022 [46] | China | February to April 2020 | Uns. | 1438 [52%] | 69 [66–74] | 12 [9–12] | 438 [49%] | 67 [66–74] | 12 [9–12] |
| Tabacof et al., 2022 [47] | USA | March 2020 to March 2021 | Uns. | 156 [69%] | 44 [13–79] | Uns. | / | / | / |
* 94 (no schooling), 1553 (primary school), 28,827 (secondary school), 47,486 (university degree), 3294 (PhD), 83 (Unknow). Uns. = Unspecified.