Table 3.
Adjusted (multivariable) associations of sociodemographic and health-related characteristics with gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and other glucose measures.
| GDM (i) (N = 197) |
1st Trimester FPG (ii) (N = 197) |
2nd Trimester FPG (OGTT Fasting) (ii) (N = 196) |
|||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable (Unit) | aOR | 95% CI | p | eb | 95% CI | p | eb | 95% CI | p |
| Gestational age (week) | 0.975 | (0.598, 1.590) | 0.919 | 0.975 | (0.916, 1.037) | 0.419 | 1.017 | (0.975, 1.060) | 0.440 |
| Age (year) | 1.075 | (0.890, 1.297) | 0.454 | 0.996 | (0.975, 1.018) | 0.751 | 0.9999 | (0.983, 1.017) | 0.989 |
| Educational attainment | |||||||||
| Lower | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||
| Higher | 0.211 | (0.047, 0.954) * | 0.043 | 1.022 | (0.829, 1.260) | 0.840 | 0.990 | (0.842, 1.165) | 0.907 |
| Household monthly income | |||||||||
| Lower | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||
| Higher | 1.152 | (0.397, 3.343) | 0.795 | 1.106 | (0.984, 1.242) | 0.091 | 1.056 | (0.963, 1.157) | 0.242 |
| Employment status | |||||||||
| Full-time | 2.970 | (0.471, 18.742) | 0.247 | 1.104 | (0.943, 1.292) | 0.220 | 0.981 | (0.867, 1.109) | 0.756 |
| Other | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||
| Primipara | |||||||||
| Non-first | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||
| First | 3.627 | (0.852, 15.443) | 0.081 | 1.008 | (0.874, 1.163) | 0.909 | 1.042 | (0.933, 1.164) | 0.464 |
| In vitro fertilisation | |||||||||
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||
| Yes | 0.220 | (0.0245, 1.978) | 0.177 | 0.9996 | (0.836, 1.195) | 0.996 | 0.985 | (0.858, 1.132) | 0.836 |
| Miscarriage history | |||||||||
| No | Reference | Reference | Reference | ||||||
| Yes | 1.987 | (0.604, 6.533) | 0.258 | 1.030 | (0.890, 1.193) | 0.690 | 1.024 | (0.914, 1.148) | 0.682 |
| Pre-pregnancy BMI (kg/m2) | 1.124 | (0.966, 1.309) | 0.131 | 1.025 | (1.006, 1.045) * | 0.011 | 1.032 | (1.016, 1.047) *** | <0.001 |
| Normal | Reference # | Reference # | Reference # | ||||||
| Underweight | 0.176 | (0.022, 1.407) | 0.101 | 0.862 | (0.747, 0.996) * | 0.043 | 0.868 | (0.774, 0.973) * | 0.015 |
| Overweight/Obese | 0.426 | (0.0467, 3.886) | 0.449 | 1.117 | (0.903, 1.382) | 0.307 | 1.180 | (0.998, 1.395) | 0.053 |
| b | 95% CI | p | |||||||
| 1st trimester FPG | - | - | - | - | - | - | 0.123 | (0.012, 0.233) * | 0.030 |
Notes: aOR = adjusted odds ratio; CI = confidence interval; p = p value; BMI = body mass index; FPG = fasting plasma glucose; eb = antilogarithm of regression coefficient, interpreted as the proportional increase (if >1) or decrease (if <1) in outcome variable associated with a 1-unit increase in predictor variable. ‘-’ indicates not applicable. (i) Estimates are obtained from logistic regression. (ii) Estimates are obtained from general linear model. # When this categorised variable was included in the model, the estimates of other variables slightly differ. Nonetheless, the estimates reported in this table are those with the original (uncategorised) BMI. * p < 0.05, *** p < 0.001. To avoid confusion, more than three decimal digits are reported (as 1.000 would have been shown if the estimate was rounded to three decimal digits).