Table 1.
Study characteristics.
| Author, Year, Country | Sample (Intervention/Control) | Age (Mean ± SD) |
Sex | Interventions | Dosage | Intensity | Control Group | Outcomes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Zhu, L.Y. 2019, China [14] | 77(40/37) | 74.5 ± 7.1 | Male (24%) |
AT + RT | 40–50 min × 2 times/week × 12 weeks (16–20 h) | Monitored and adjusted by coach. | Maintain daily lifestyle | Hand grip strength, muscle mass of lower extremities, muscle mass of upper extremities, walking speed |
| Karina, S.S.V. 2016, Brazil [15] | 31(16/15) | 72 ± 4.6 | Female | RT | 60 min × 2 times/week × 10 weeks (20 h) | Intensity between moderate and somewhat severe monitored by modified Borg Scale | Telephone monitoring | Knee extension strength, walking speed |
| Iranzo, M.A. 2018, Spain [16] | 37(9,11/17) | 82.6 ± 9.1 | Male (25%) |
RT | 30 min × 3 times/week × 12 weeks (18 h) | Resistance:40–60% max isometric muscle strength | Maintain daily lifestyle | Hand grip strength, walking speed |
| Chen, H.T. 2017, China [26] | 60(15,15,15/15) | 68.9 ± 4.4 | Male (16%) |
RT/AT/AT + RT | 60 min × 2 times/week × 8 weeks (16 h) | Resistance: 60–70% of the maximum repetitions aerobic: Moderate | Maintain daily lifestyle | Hand grip strength, knee extension strength, skeletal muscle mass |
| Tsekoura, M. 2018, Greece [27] | 54(18,18/18) | 72.87 ± 7 | Male (13%) | AT + MT/AT + HT | AT + MT:40–50 min × 2 times/week × 12 weeks (16 h); AT + HT:30–35 min × 3 times/week × 12 weeks (18–21 h); | gradually increase: RPE from 6 to 20 | Maintain daily lifestyle | Hand grip strength, knee extension strength, fat-free mass, skeletal muscle mass, walking speed, functional mobility |
| Wang, L.Z. 2019, China [28] | 80(20,20,20/20) | 65.1 ± 3.4 | Male (53.8%) |
RT/AT/AT + RT | 20 min × 2 times/week × 8 weeks (5.4 h) | Moderate intensity: No obvious feeling of fatigue | Maintain daily lifestyle | Hand grip strength; knee extension strength |
| Zhu, G.F. 2019, China [29] | 65(33/32) | 66.32 ± 10.80 | Male (50.1%) |
Yi Jinjing exercise | 40 min × 7 times/week × 12 weeks (56 h) | No obvious feelings of fatigue | Health education | Hand grip strength |
| Li, Z. 2020, China [30] | 121(62/59) | 73.73 ± 5.69 | Male (37.1%) |
RT + OA | 20 min × 3 times/week × 12 weeks (18 h); 1 h × 3 times/week × 12 weeks (36 h) | RT:8 max rep.; OA: >800 steps in 10 min | Maintain daily lifestyle | Hand grip strength, appendicular muscle mass |
| Shao, W.H. 2020, China [31] | 71(41/30) | 69.3 ± 13.4 | Male (63.4%) |
RT | 30 min × 2 times/week × 24 weeks (24 h) | Moderate intensity | Health education | Hand grip strength, walking speed |
| Zhou, S.P. 2020, China [32] | 40(20/20) | 73.0 ± 8.5 | Male (42.5%) |
Ba duanjin exercise | 40 min × 5 times/week × 8 weeks (26.7 h) | Moderate intensity | Health education | Hand grip strength, functional mobility |
| Fang, L. 2020, China [33] | 36(18/18) | 82.8 ± 8.5 | Male (33.3%) |
Muscle-bone strengthening exercise | 30 min × 3 times/week × 24 weeks (36 h) | 60% maximum heart rate | Maintain daily lifestyle | Functional mobility |
| Wang, G.H. 2021, China [34] | 54(26/28) | 70.4 ± 5.1 | Male (33.3%) |
RT | 45 min × 3 times/week × 12 weeks (27 h) | Moderate: 50-70% 1RM | Maintain daily lifestyle | Hand grip strength, walking speed |
| Zhao, T. 2022, China [35] | 40(20/20) | 63.2 ± 1.4 | Male (40.0%) |
RT | 25 min × 14 times/week × 12 weeks (70 h) | 8RM (can be adjusted according to individual situation) | Health education | Hand grip strength, walking speed |
| Kim, H. 2012, Japan [36] | 78(39/39) | 79.0 ± 2.9 | Female | RT + Balance + Gait training | 50 min × 2 times/week × 12 weeks (20 h) | Moderate: RPE = 12–14 | Health education | Knee extension strength, muscle mass of lower extremities, appendicular muscle mass, walking speed |
| Kim, H. 2013, Japan [37] | 64(32/32) | 79.6 ± 4.2 | Female | RT + Balance + Gait training | 50 min × 2 times/week × 12 weeks (20 h) | Moderate: RPE = 12–14 | Health education | Hand grip strength, knee extension strength, Muscle mass of lower extremities, appendicular muscle mass, walking speed, functional mobility |
| Kim, H. 2016, Japan [38] | 69(35/34) | 81.4 ± 4.3 | Female | AT + RT and weight-bearing training | 60 min × 2 times/week × 12 weeks (24 h) | AT: start at 40 watts and gradually increase; RT: beginning with 1 set of 10 repetitions to 3 sets. | Health education | Hand grip strength, knee extension strength, muscle mass of lower extremities, muscle mass of upper extremities, appendicular muscle mass, walking speed |
| Liao, C.D. 2017, China [39] | 46(25/21) | 67.3 ± 5.2 | Female | RT | 35–40 min × 3 times/week × 12 weeks (21–24 h) | Moderate: RPE = 13 | No control | Hand grip strength, fat-free mass, functional mobility |
| Jung, W.S. 2019, Korea [40] | 26(13/13) | 75.0 ± 3.9 | Female | AT + RT | 25–55 min × 3 times/week × 12 weeks (15–60 h) | 60–80% heart rate reserve | Maintain daily lifestyle | Fat-free muscle mass |
| Lee, Y.H. 2021, China [41] | 27(15/12) | 70.13 ±4.41 | Female | RT | 40 min × 3 times/week × 12 weeks (24 h) | Moderate intensity: RPE = 12–14 | Allowed to exercise at home | Hand grip strength, functional mobility |
| Seo, M.Y. 2021, Korea [42] | 27(14/13) | 70.3 ± 5.38 | Female | RT | 50 min × 3 times/week × 16 weeks (32.5 h) | 0—extremely easy to 10—extremely hard | Maintain daily lifestyle | Hand grip strength, functional mobility, walking speed, appendicular muscle mass, fat-free mass |
| Zhu, Y.Q. 2019, China [43] | 79(24,28/27) | 89.5 ± 4. 4 | Male | Eight style TC/WBV | 20 min × 5 times/week × 8 weeks (13.3 h) | TC: Progressively increase; WBV: 5 groups/time, and 3 min/group | Maintain daily lifestyle | Hand grip strength, muscle mass of lower extremities, muscle mass of upper extremities |
| Liu, C. K. 2014, America [44] | 33(16/17) | 77.5 ± 4.2 | No clear | AT + RT + Balance + Flexibility training | 1–8 week:3 times/week; 9–24 week:2 times/week | Moderate | Not clear | Walking speed |
| Wei, N. 2016, China [45] | 40(20/20) | 75 ± 6 | No clear | WBV | 6 min × 3 times/week × 12 weeks (3.6 h) | 40 Hz/360 s per session; | Maintain daily lifestyle | Knee extension strength, walking speed, functional mobility |
AT, aerobic training; RT, resistance training; MT, multicomponent training; OA, outdoor activity; HT, home therapeutic exercise; TC, Tai Chi; WBV, whole-body vibration training; RPE, rating of perceived exertion.