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ECT immunologic effects. ECT has an impact on different elements of the immune system, including the following: (A) the proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokine levels, (B) the peripheral immune system cells’ proliferation and activity, and (C) the immune CNS systems’ activity, such as microglia and astrocytes. IL-6: interleukin-6; TNF-α: tumor necrosis factor alpha; IL-4: interleukin 4; TGF-β: transforming growth factor beta; NO: nitric oxide.
