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. 2022 Jun 27;23(13):7117. doi: 10.3390/ijms23137117

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Increased pro-inflammatory gene expression upon exposure of astrocytes to sera of NMO patients. Quantitative PCR gene expression analysis of: (a) the expression of TLR4 increased significantly in astrocytes cultured with sera of NMO patients (1.9 ± 0.6, n = 19) vs. 1.26 ± 0.4 (n = 19) of astrocytes cultured with sera of HCs, (b) the expression of NOD-1 increased significantly in astrocytes cultured with sera of NMO patients (1.8 ± 0.9, n = 15) vs. 0.66 ± 0.62 (n = 11) of astrocytes cultured with sera of HCs. Each assay was repeated independently at least three times. Significance was determined by unpaired two-tailed student’s t-test (p ** ≤ 0.01, *** ≤ 0.001). Error bars in all graphs represent standard deviation.