Table 3.

Clinical studies in other autoimmune diseases (not uveitis).

Authors	Disease	n Patients and n Control	Study Type	Findings
Tito et al., 2017 [68]	AS	27 AS vs. 15 healthy	Causality	Correlation of histological intestinal inflammatory status with microbiota profile in AS Increased Bacterial Species Dialister correlated with inflammatory activity (Ankylosing Spondylitis Disease Activity Score) → Dialister May be a marker of AS activity
Costello et al., 2015 [67]		9 AS vs. 9 healthy		Correlation between terminal ileum microbiota composition and disease status (AS) Increased abundance of five families of bacteria in AS: Lachnospiraceae, Ruminococcaceae, Rikenellaceae, Porphyromonadaceae, and Bacteroidaceae Decrease of two families in AS: Veillonellaceae and Prevotellaceae
Chen et al., 2021 [23]		30 AS vs. 24 healthy	Modulation	Decreased microbiota diversity in AS ADA treatment (6 months): Restoration of the intestinal microbiota in AS No statistically significant differences between responders and non-responders, but a greater abundance of Comamonas was found in non-responders Depletion of Bacteroides and Megamonas and enrichment of Collinsella Decreased Dialister that is restored with treatment (unlike [66])
Ribaldone et al., 2019 [87]	IBD	20 CD pre- and post-ADA treatment		Treatment with ADA (6 months): trend towards the restitution of intestinal “eubiosis” in responders
Zhou et al., 2018 [89]		72 CD, 51 UC vs. 73 healthy 16 CD pre- and post-IFX		Relative increase in Actinobacteria and Proteobacteria (Enterobacteriaceae) and decrease in Firmicutes (Clostridiales) were associated with the severity of IBD Treatment with IFX (30 weeks): Restitution of intestinal microbiota diversity and relative increase in Clostridiales in patients responding to the drug

AS: Ankylosing spondylitis. IBD: Inflammatory bowel disease. ADA Adalimumab. IFX Infliximab. CD Crohn’s Disease. UC Ulcerative colitis.