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. 2022 Jun 29;23(13):7229. doi: 10.3390/ijms23137229

Table 1.

Effects of prebiotics, probiotics, and synbiotics in liver disease, colitis, gastritis, hyperlipidemia, obesity, and diabetes.

Liver Injury
Model Prebiotic or Probiotic Species/Treatments Effect Reference
C57BL/6 mice. Obesity and NAFLD induced by HFD

  • Sapogenins

 ↓TNF-α
↓SREBP-1c
↑PPAR-α
↑A. muciniphila 		[34]
Wistar rats. Fibrosis induced by TAA

  • Lacticaseibacillus paracasei, L. casei, Weissella confuse

↓TNF-α
↓TGF-β
↓α-SMA
↓ALT, AST, AP		 [55]
Sprague Dawley rats. Acute liver injury induced by D-galactosamine

  • Lacticaseibacillus casei Shirota

 ↓GGTP
↓TBA
↓G-CSF
↓RANTES
↓IL-5
↑IL-10		 [56]
Patients with NAFLD

  • Synbiotic (Oligofructose and Lacticaseibacillus casei, L. rhamnosus, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium longum, B. breve)

 ↓ALT, AST, GGTP, AP
↓TG, TC, LDL		 [57]
Patients with NAFLD

  • Bacillus coagulans and inuline

 ↓ALT, GGTP
↓TNF-α
↓NF-κB		 [58]
Patients with NASH

  • Synbiotic (Bifidobacterium longum and FOS)

 ↓AST
↓TNF-α
↓LDL-C
↓CRP
↓Serum endotoxin
Insulin resistance, steatosis, and NASH activity index were improved		 [59]
Wistar rats. Acute liver injury induced by acetaminophen

  • Bacillus licheniformis, B. indicus, B. subtilis, Shouchella clausii, Weizmannia coagulans

↓AST, ALT
↓TNF-α,
↓IL-1β
↓Necrosis
Antioxidant capacity		 [60]
Zucker-Lepr fa/fa rats (NAFLD).

  • Bifidobacterium breve, Lacticaseibacillus paracasei, L. rhamnosus

↓MDA, MPO
↓Hepatic lipids
↓TNF-α, IL-6, LPS
↑IgA		 [61]
Colitis
C57BL/6 mice. Colitis-associated cancer induced by azoxymethane and DSS

  • Lactobacillus delbrueckii subsp. bulgaricus

 Fewer and smaller tumors than the control
Attenuation of intestinal inflammation
↑INF-γ
↓TNF-α
↓IL-1β, IL-23, IL-17, IL-6		 [62]
BALB/c mice. Colitis induced by DSS

  • Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus and/or inuline

 ↑ Abundance and diversity of gut microbiota
↑Hemoglobin content
↓MPO
↓TNF-α
↓IL-1β, IL-6
↑IL-10		 [63]
C57BL/6 mice. Colitis induced by DSS

  • FOS

  • Synbiotic (FOS + Limosilactobacillus reuteri, L. fermentum, Lacticaseibacillus paracasei, L. rhamnosus, Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis, B. breve, and Streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus)

 ↑Abundance and diversity of gut microbiota
↓Abundance of potentially harmful bacteria
↓TNF-α
↓IL-1β, IL-6
↑IL-10
Regulated expression of T-bet		 [64]
C57BL/6 mice. Colitis induced by DSS

  • Synbiotic (Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus, Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis + inuline)

 Attenuation of intestinal inflammation
Balance of intestinal microbiota		 [65]
C57BL/6J mice. Colitis induced by DSS

  • Prebiotic (FOS + XOS)

  • Probiotic (Lactobacillus acidophilus, Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis, Limosilactobacillus reuteri, Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus, Streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus)

  • Synbiotic (Prebiotic + Probiotic)

 ↓TNF-α
↓IL-1β, IL-6
↑IL-10
↑Firmicutes
↓STAT3		 [66]
C57BL/6 mice. Colitis induced by DSS

  • Probiotic (Lactobacillus acidophilus, L. helveticus, Lacticaseibacillus casei, L. rhamnosus, L. paracasei, Limosilactobacillus fermentum, Streptococcus salivarius subsp. thermophilus, Bifidobacterium longum, B. breve, B. bifidum, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, and Ligilactobacillus salivarius)

  • Prebiotic (Chicory Fiber)

 ↓TNF-α
↓IL-1β, IL-6
↓IL-17
↑IL-10
↑Foxp3
↓α-SMA
↓MCP-1 in HT-29 cells		 [67]
Diabetes/Obesity/Hyperlipidemia
Wistar rats. Diabetes (type 2) induced by HFD and STZ

  • Pediococcus acidilactici, Lactiplantibacillus plantarum, Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus

Glucose levels restored
Prevention against hyperlipidemia
Improved glucose tolerance		 [68]
Sprague-Dawley rats. Diabetes (type 2) induced by HFD and STZ

  • Bifidobacterium animalis

↓HbA1C, fasting blood glucose
Glucose tolerance and insulin resistance improved
↓TC, LDL-C
↓LPS
↓TNF-α
↑IL-10
↓ALT and AST
IRS-2/PI3K/Akt-2 signal Pathway improved
↓PEPCK, G6Pase		 [69]
Diabetic (type 2) female patients.

  • Enriched chicory inulin supplementation

 ↓Fasting serum glucose
↓HbA1C
↓ALT, AST, AP
Reductions in systolic and diastolic blood pressure		 [70]
Diabetic (type 2) patients.

  • Synbiotic (Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, Lactococcus, Propionibacterium, Acetobacter, and Omega-3)

 Insulin resistance improved
↓IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8
↓TNF-α		 [71]
C57BL/6 JRj mice. Obesity-induced by HFD

  • Bifidobacterium longum

  • B. animalis subsp. lactis and Lactobacillus gasseri

 ↑PPAR-γ
↑Lipoprotein lipase
↑GLP-1
↑IL-10
↓Lipids accumulation in adipocytes
Restored gut barrier
Limited body weight gain		 [72]
Wistar rats. Obesity and insulin resistance induced by HFD

  • Prebiotic (XOS)

  • Probiotic (Lacticaseibacillus paracasei)

  • Synbiotic (Prebiotic + Probiotic)

 ↓Plasma insulin
↓TC
↓LDL-C
Insulin resistance improved
Bodyweight and visceral fat weight reduced
↓BP and MAP
↓Oxidative stress		 [73]
Sprague Dawley rats. Hyperlipidemia induced by HFD

  • Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus LV108, Lactobacillus casei grx12, and Limosilactobacillus fermentum grx08

 ↓TC, VLDL-C, LDL-C
↓TG
↓TBA
↓SREBP-1c
↓ChREBP
↑PPAR-α
↓CYP7A1		 [74]

Please see the glossary for abbreviations; ↓ (decrease), ↑ (increase).