| Akt | protein kinase B |
| CRM1 | chromosomal region maintenance 1 |
| Smac/DIABLO | second mitochondria-derived activator of caspases/direct inhibitor of apoptosis-binding protein with low pI |
| EGFR, | growth factor receptor |
| ESLD | end stage liver disease |
| FoxO | forkhead box O family of transcription factors |
| FoxO3 | Forkhead box O3 |
| CC | hepatocellular carcinoma |
| H&E | hematoxylin and eosin |
| HFD | high fat diet |
| IVIS | In vivo Imaging System |
| mTOR | mammalian target of rapamycin |
| NAFLD | Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease |
| NASH | non-alcoholic steatohepatitis |
| NKA | Na/K-ATPase |
| NMC | standard mouse chow |
| NS | normal saline |
| pAkt | phosphorylated protein kinase B |
| pERK | phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase |
| PI3K | phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase |
| pSrc | phosphorylation of Src kinase |
| PTEN | phosphatase and tensin homolog deleted on Chromosome 10 |
| RIPA buffer | Radioimmunoprecipitation assay buffer |
| ROI | reactive oxygen intermediates |
| siRNA | Small interfering RNA |
| Smac | second mitochondria-derived activator of caspases |
| Src | Src kinase |
| S6K1 | ribosomal protein S6 kinase beta-1 |
| α1-Na/K-ATPase | Na/K-ATPase Alpha1 subunit |
| α1-NKA-KND | α1-NKA knock down HCC cell lines |