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. 2022 Jun 24;23(13):7029. doi: 10.3390/ijms23137029

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© 2022 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Effects of TGF-β-Smad2/3 signaling on the differentiation of piPSC-ECs. (A) Detection of secretion levels of TGF-β1 by ELISA. Mean ± SD. n = 4. (B) Detection of expression levels of TGF-β by Western blot. (C) Detection of Smad2/3 phosphorylation levels by Western blot. (D,E) Expression levels of mesoderm marker genes (D) and endothelial marker genes (E) at indicated time points by RT-PCR. Mean ± SD. n = 4. The bars without the same letter are significantly different (p < 0.05). (F) Flow cytometric analysis of CD31-positive cells in different treatment groups on day 12.