Serum cytokine levels in SAGN with IgA-dominant deposition. Sera were obtained from patients with SAGN S. aureus-infected patients without glomerulonephritis and healthy controls, and the following 10 cytokines were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays: IL-1α, -1β, IL-2, IL-4, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, TNF-α, TNF-β, and INF-γ [9,10,11,12,13]. The serum levels of eight cytokines are shown. Black closed bars: the mean levels of cytokines in patients with SAGN. Gray closed bars: the mean levels of cytokines in S. aureus-infected patients without glomerulonephritis. Open bars: the mean levels of cytokines in healthy controls. Bars: the standard deviation. Serum levels of IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and TNF-α in the patients with SAGN were significantly higher compared to those in the controls, and serum levels of IL-8 and TNF-α in the patients with SAGN were significantly higher compared to those in patients without glomerulonephritis (* p < 0.05; ** p < 0.01; *** p < 0.001). Serum IL-4 and TNF-β were not detected in all three groups.