Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the 40 enrolled participants according to disease group.
| Control | Patients | aMCI | AD | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | p-Value | p-Value | ||||
| Demographics | ||||||
| Male | 3 (33.3) | 6 (19.4) | 0.394 | 4 (17.4) | 2 (25.0) | 0.634 |
| Age, years | 67.0 ± 6.3 | 79.5 ± 8.1 | <0.001 | 78.3 ± 7.8 | 82.9 ± 8.6 | 0.178 |
| Education, years | 10.9 ± 3.8 | 7.8 ± 4.8 | 0.090 | 7.3 ± 4.7 | 9.5 ± 5.1 | 0.266 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 23.4 ± 2.4 | 24.8 ± 3.9 | 0.308 | 25.2 ± 4.0 | 23.8 ± 3.9 | 0.400 |
| Cognitive tests | ||||||
| Baseline MMSE | 29.3 ± 0.5 | 22.8 ± 5.3 | 0.001 | 23.9 ± 3.7 | 19.5 ± 7.7 | 0.039 |
| CDR sum of box score | 0.4 ± 0.3 | 2.6 ± 2.6 | 0.019 | 1.7 ± 1.1 | 5.1 ± 4.0 | 0.001 |
| Hopkins Verbal Learning Test | 22.0 ± 5.2 | 15.2 ± 5.4 | 0.002 | 16.0 ± 4.9 | 13.0 ± 6.7 | 0.184 |
| Discrimination Index | 11.1 ± 0.8 | 9.3 ± 2.9 | 0.073 | 9.9 ± 1.8 | 7.5 ± 4.6 | 0.041 |
| Forward digit span | 11.2 ± 1.6 | 8.4 ± 2.8 | 0.007 | 8.3 ± 2.8 | 8.6 ± 3.0 | 0.813 |
| Backward digit span | 6.9 ± 3.0 | 3.9 ± 2.8 | 0.008 | 4.1 ± 3.0 | 3.1 ± 2.4 | 0.395 |
| Verbal fluency test | 14.3 ± 2.2 | 9.7 ± 4.5 | 0.005 | 11.0 ± 4.2 | 6.1 ± 3.2 | 0.006 |
| Modified Boston Naming Test | 14.3 ± 0.9 | 12.9 ± 1.8 | 0.028 | 13.1 ± 1.5 | 12.4 ± 2.3 | 0.306 |
| Trail Making Test Part A | 53.9 ± 27.7 | 147.5 ± 101.9 | 0.010 | 136.2 ± 98.8 | 179.9 ± 110.4 | 0.304 |
| Apolipoprotein E ε 2: ε 3: ε 4 | 2:15:1 (11%:83%:6%) | 3:48:11 (5%:77%:18%) | 0.313 | 2:37:7(4%:81%:15%) | 1:11:4 (6%:69%:25%) | 0.625 |
| IMR data | ||||||
| t-Tau, pg/mL | 23.5 ± 1.8 | 25.5 ± 3.6 | 0.125 | 25.5 ± 3.9 | 25.3 ± 2.8 | 0.891 |
| Aβ1–42, pg/mL | 16.9 ± 0.4 | 17.2 ± 0.8 | 0.360 | 17.1 ± 0.9 | 17.2 ± 0.7 | 0.964 |
| p-Tau181, pg/mL | 3.6 ± 0.4 | 3.8 ± 0.6 | 0.257 | 4.0 ± 0.5 | 3.5 ± 0.7 | 0.093 |
| Aβ1–40, pg/mL | 52.6 ± 4.9 | 52.3 ± 4.1 | 0.873 | 52.8 ± 4.2 | 50.9 ± 3.8 | 0.287 |
| α-synuclein, fg/mL | 108.5 ± 83.4 | 120.6 ± 65.6 | 0.648 | 124.7 ± 70.2 | 109.0 ± 52.4 | 0.569 |
| Aβ1–42 × t-Tau | 1.39 ± 0.10 | 1.48 ± 0.15 | 0.104 | 1.48 ± 0.16 | 1.47 ± 0.11 | 0.867 |
| Aβ1–42 × Aβ1-40 | 0.32 ± 0.03 | 0.33 ± 0.03 | 0.592 | 0.33 ± 0.03 | 0.34 ± 0.03 | 0.370 |
| p-Tau × t-Tau | 0.15 ± 0.02 | 0.15 ± 0.02 | 0.807 | 0.16 ± 0.02 | 0.14 ± 0.02 | 0.068 |
Data are expressed as mean ± standard deviation or frequency (percentage). Abbreviations: aMCI, amnestic mild cognitive impairment due to AD; AD, Alzheimer’s disease; MMSE, Mini-Mental Status Examination; CDR, Clinical Dementia Rating; IMR, ultra-sensitive immunomagnetic reduction; t-Tau, total Tau; Aβ, amyloid β; p-Tau181, tau phosphorylated at threonine 181; p-Tau, phosphorylated tau.