Table 1:
Study population (n = 2709) characteristics at enrollment, except where indicated (overall and by diabetes status)
| All participants (n = 2709) |
Diabetics (n = 245) |
Non diabetics (n = 2464) |
p-valueg | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N |
% |
N |
% |
N |
% |
|
|
| THC exposure level (ppm)a | 0.77 | ||||||
| < 0.30 | 364 | 13.4 % | 31 | 12.7 % | 333 | 13.5 % | |
| 0.30 – 1.99 | 850 | 31.4 % | 73 | 29.8 % | 777 | 31.5 % | |
| 2.00 – 2.99 | 821 | 30.3 % | 78 | 31.8 % | 743 | 30.2 % | |
| ≥ 3.00 | 674 | 24.9 % | 63 | 25.7 % | 611 | 24.8 % | |
| Missing | -- | -- | -- | ||||
| Age at clinical exam (y) | <0.01 | ||||||
| < 35 | 596 | 22.0 % | 19 | 7.8 % | 577 | 23.4 % | |
| 35 – 44 | 582 | 21.5 % | 40 | 16.3 % | 542 | 22.0 % | |
| 45 – 54 | 754 | 27.8 % | 78 | 31.8 % | 676 | 27.4 % | |
| 55 – 64 | 544 | 20.1 % | 74 | 30.2 % | 470 | 19.1 % | |
| ≥ 65 | 233 | 8.6 % | 34 | 13.9 % | 199 | 8.1 % | |
| Missing | -- | -- | -- | ||||
| Sex | 0.26 | ||||||
| Female | 618 | 22.8 % | 48 | 19.6 % | 570 | 23.1 % | |
| Male | 2091 | 77.2 % | 197 | 80.4 % | 1894 | 76.9 % | |
| Missing | -- | -- | -- | ||||
| Race & Hispanic ethnicityb | 0.44 | ||||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 1353 | 50.1 % | 115 | 46.9 % | 1238 | 50.4 % | |
| Black | 1122 | 41.5 % | 168 | 45.7 % | 1010 | 41.1% | |
| Other | 226 | 8.4 % | 34 | 7.4 % | 208 | 8.5 % | |
| Missing | 8 | -- | 8 | ||||
| Education | 0.62 | ||||||
| No high school (HS) diploma | 577 | 21.3 % | 59 | 24.1 % | 518 | 21.0 % | |
| HS diploma/Some college (no degree) | 1488 | 55.0 % | 133 | 54.3 % | 1355 | 55.0 % | |
| College degree | 643 | 23.7 % | 53 | 21.6 % | 590 | 24.0 % | |
| Missing | 1 | 1 | -- | ||||
| Employment statusc | <0.01 | ||||||
| Working or student | 1552 | 57.4 | 134 | 54.7 % | 1418 | 57.7 % | |
| Unemployed | 786 | 29.1 | 53 | 21.6 % | 733 | 29.8 % | |
| Other | 366 | 13.5 | 58 | 23.7 % | 308 | 12.5 % | |
| Missing | 5 | 0 | 5 | ||||
| Health insurance statusd | <0.01 | ||||||
| Yes | 1301 | 48.6 % | 140 | 58.1 % | 1161 | 47.7 % | |
| No | 1374 | 51.4 % | 101 | 41.9 % | 1273 | 52.3 % | |
| Missing | 34 | 4 | 30 | ||||
| BMI category (kg/m2)e | <0.01 | ||||||
| Under/normal weight (< 25) | 652 | 24.4 % | 21 | 8.8 % | 631 | 25.9 % | |
| Overweight (25 - 29) | 861 | 32.2 % | 48 | 20.0 % | 813 | 33.4 % | |
| Obese (≥ 30) | 1165 | 43.5 % | 171 | 71.3 % | 994 | 40.8 % | |
| Missing | 31 | 5 | 26 | ||||
| Smoking statusf | <0.01 | ||||||
| Current | 1083 | 40.0 % | 72 | 29.4 % | 1011 | 41.1 % | |
| Former | 717 | 26.4 % | 98 | 40.0 % | 619 | 25.1 % | |
| Never | 906 | 33.5 % | 75 | 30.6 % | 831 | 33.7 % | |
| Missing | 3 | 0 | 3 | ||||
All data were from the Gulf Long Term Follow-up Study of individuals who worked for at least one day on the Deepwater Horizon oil spill cleanup and who completed a routine clinical exam as part of that study 4-6 years after the spill.
Maximum daily total hydrocarbon exposure experienced during work on the spill. Estimated via detailed self-report of spill-related tasks together with a job-exposure matrix based on extensive air monitoring during the spill cleanup (see Stewart et al. (2018))
Non-Hispanic White, Black (Hispanic and non-Hispanic), Other (Hispanic and non-Hispanic)
Working/student/on temporary sick leave; unemployed/keeping house; Other/retired/disabled
Health insurance status at the time of the home visit.
BMI at the time of the home visit. Calculated from the average height and average weight from three measurements each.
smoking status at the time of the clinical exam
P-values for Chi-squared tests for difference, which are crude and do not provide evidence of confounding or of a causal relationship