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. 2022 Jun 21;11(13):3573. doi: 10.3390/jcm11133573

Table 2.

Change in fecal, blood, urinary markers and HbA1c after 12 weeks intervention, compared by ANCOVA.

Baseline After Intervention Change ANCOVA
p Value
Fecal calprotectin (µg/g)

  • Sodium butyrate

 48 [26:100] 50 [19:135] −1.0 [−20:10] 0.24

  • Placebo

 61 [25:139] 47 [19:95] −12 [−95:1]
Fecal IAP activity/Protein (U/g)

  • Sodium butyrate

 92 [49:609] 83 [39:605] −3.9 [−25:51] 0.98

  • Placebo

 55 [38:133] 53 [22:106] −0.24 [−22:38]
Fecal butyrate (µg/mg)

  • Sodium butyrate

 6.4 [2.8:12] 6.4 [3.7:12] 0.7 [−1.5:4.2] 0.34

  • Placebo

 4.3 [2.1:7.6] 4.4 [2.5:8.8] 0.052 [−3.5:2.0]
Fecal acetate (µg/mg)

  • Sodium butyrate

 21 ± 8.8 21 ± 12 0.080 ± 12 0.33

  • Placebo

 18 ± 9.6 17 ± 8.7 −1.3 ± 10
Fecal propionate (µg/mg)

  • Sodium butyrate

 8.0 [4.2:12] 6.8 [3.5:11] −0.15 [−3.3:1.1] 0.93

  • Placebo

 5.4 [3.6:7.9] 5.5 [3.7:8.7] −0.94 [−2.3:1.8]
Fecal valerate (µg/mg)

  • Sodium butyrate

 2.0 ± 1.0 2.1 ± 1.6 0.13 ± 1.8 0.67

  • Placebo

 1.7 ± 1.0 1.8 ± 1.2 0.15 ± 1.3
Fecal immunoglobulin G/Protein (ng/g)

  • Sodium butyrate

 28 [16:110] 40 [16:116] −1.8 [−0.067:0.034] 0.10

  • Placebo

 27 [14:67] 17 [9.9:36] −1.9 [−15:18]
Fecal immunoglobulin A/Protein (µg/mg)

  • Sodium butyrate

 1.6 [0.50:7.14] 2.3 [0.72:4.9] 0.30 [−1.2:1.31] 0.69

  • Placebo

 2.4 [1.1:7.8] 1.7 [0.73:9.9] 0.077 [−2.0:3.7]
Fecal immunoglobulin M/Protein (ng/mg)

  • Sodium butyrate

 0.61 [0.32:2.0] 1.1 [0.36:2.7] 0.38 [−0.0011:1.5] 0.20

  • Placebo

 1.0 [0.36:1.9] 0.72 [0.46:1.8] 0.18 [−1.4:0.70]
Urinary albumin creatinine ratio (mg/g)

  • Sodium butyrate

 39 [18:121] 37 [27:82] 1.5 [−9.5:21] 0.69

  • Placebo

 49 [14:121] 37 [18:208] −1.0 [−19:6.0]
Estimated glomerular filtration rate (mL/min/1.73 m2)

  • Sodium butyrate

 86 ± 26 84 ± 25 −2.0 ± 8.3 0.30

  • Placebo

 82 ± 22 83 ± 23 0.39 ± 7.1
Serum high sensitivity CRP (mg/L)

  • Sodium butyrate

 1.7 [0.91:3.1] 1.7 [0.95:3.0] −0.06 [−0.65:0.55] 0.13

  • Placebo

 1.9 [1.0:4.0] 2.0 [1.5:6.0] −0.18 [−0.84:0.38]
Serum lipopolysaccharide (EU/mL)

  • Sodium butyrate

 0.66 ± 0.18 0.66 ± 0.20 −0.0025 ± 0.20 0.093

  • Placebo

 0.73 ± 0.11 0.80 ± 0.26 0.076 ± 0.26
HbA1c (% (mmol/mol))

  • Sodium butyrate

 8.0 ± 0.8 8.0 ± 0.9 0.1 ± 0.4 0.32

  • Placebo

 8.1 ± 1.1 8.3 ± 1.3 0.2 ± 0.6

Values are mean ± standard deviation, median [Q1:Q3]. Parameters with a non-normal distribution were log transformed before analysis. p value for the group-wise comparison of participants treated with sodium butyrate or placebo was calculated using baseline-corrected linear regression.