Table 3.
Characteristics of the laser parameters in included studies.
| Study | Type of Laser Wavelength (nm) Application Mode |
Peak Power Ppeak (Pulsed); N/A for CW | Frequency (Hz)/ Pulse Duration (µs) |
Energy per Pulse (E) Ppeak × t (laser Pulse Duration) |
Energy Dose (J) per Point/ per All Points/ per Scanning/ per Treatment/ Accumulated Energy from All Sessions (J) |
Treatment Time per Point/ per ST (All Points)/ per SC per Session/ no. Sessions/ no. Sessions per Week/Total No. Weeks |
Average Power (Pulsed) or Output Power (CW)/ Scanning Phase |
Average Power (Pulsed) or Output Power (CW) ST per All Points/ ST per Point |
Area (cm2)/ Spot Size (cm2) |
Average Power Density (mW/cm2) SC Scanning |
Average Power Density (mW/cm2) ST per All Points/ ST per Point |
Dose Density (J/cm2) SC |
Dose Density (J/cm2) ST per All Points/ ST per Point |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Leclair et al., 2007 [33] | Pulsed KTP-Nd:YAG 532 Nr |
Nr | Nr/ 15 ms |
Nr | Nr | 2.84 sessions (range 1–8) | Nr | Nr | Nr 0.4 |
Nr | Nr | 10 (Nr if SC or ST) |
|
| Abdelbasset et al., 2020 [44] | Pulsed- Nd:YAG 1064 SC |
Nr | Nr/Nr | Nr | N/A/ N/A/ 300 first 2 weeks 120–150 next 4 weeks/ 3240–3600 |
N/A/ N/A/ 75 s first 2 weeks 30 s next 4 weeks/ 18 sessions 3 x/week 6 weeks |
(6–12 W) 8 W first 2 weeks 6 W next 4 weeks |
N/A | 30 N/A |
200–266.7 | N/A | 6 | N/A |
| Abdelbasset et al., 2020 [43] |
Pulsed Ga-Ar 1064 SC |
Nr | Nr/Nr | Nr | N/A/ N/A/ 1200/ 2800 |
N/A/ N/A/ 15 min 24 sessions 2 x/week 12 weeks |
(12 W) 1.33 |
N/A | Nr/ N/A |
Nr | N/A | 150 | N/A |
| Abdelbasset et al., 2021 [45] | Nd: YAG 1064 nm Pulsed B |
3 kW | 10–40/ 120 |
0.35 J | 25/ 200/ 2800/ 3000/ 48,000 |
14 s/ 112 s/ 788 s/ 15 min. 16 sessions 2 x/week 8 weeks |
(10.5 W) 3.55 SC |
1.79 W ST all points/
1.79 W ST per point |
60 0.2 |
220 |
1118 ST
8950 ST point |
0.61; 0.71; 0.81 SC |
125 ST all points/ 0.61 ST per point |
| Alayat et al., 2014 [34] | Pulsed- Nd:YAG 1064 B |
3 kW | 10–40/ 120–150 |
0.36 J–
0.45 J |
25/ 200/ 2800/ 3000/ 36,000 |
14 s/ 112 s/ 788 s/ 15 min. 12 sessions 3 x/week 4 weeks |
(3.6–18 W)
3.55 SC |
1.79 W ST all points/
1.79 W ST per point |
Nr 0.2 |
? SC |
1118 ST
8950 ST point |
0.61; 0.71; 0.81 SC |
125 ST all points/ 0.61 ST per point |
| Alayat et al., 2016 [35] | Pulsed- Nd:YAG 1064 B |
3 kW | 10–40/ 120–150 |
0.36 J–
0.45 J |
25/ 200/ 2050/ 2250/ 27,000 |
14 s/ 112 s/ 788 s/ 15 min. 12 sessions 2 x/weeks 6 weeks |
(3.6–18 W)
2.6 SC |
1.79 ST all points/
1.79 ST per point |
75 0.2 |
34.7 SC |
1118 ST
8950 ST point |
27.3 SC |
125 ST all points/ 0.51 ST per point |
| Alayat et al., 2017 [36] | Pulsed and CW Ga-Al-Ar 808–905 B |
1000 mW (CW) 25 W (Pulsed) Continuous and pulsed synchronously |
N/A for CW 1500/Nr |
Nr |
12.6/ 100.8/ 300/ 400.8/ 801.6 |
30 s/ 240 s/ 256 s/ 8 min 16 s/ 12 sessions/ 2 x/week 6 weeks |
0.5 W CW 0.054 W (54 mW)Pulsed Nr SC |
0.054–0.5 all points/ 0.054–0.5 per point |
75 3.14 |
0.72–6.67 SC |
2.15–19.9 ST
17.2–159.24 ST point |
4 SC | 4 ST (Nr if per all points or per point) |
| Basford et al., 1999 [37] | CW- Nd:YAG 1060 ST |
N/A | N/A | N/A |
239/ 1912/ N/A 1912/ 22,944 |
90 s/ 360 s/ N/A 6 min. 12 sessions 3 x/weeks 4 weeks |
(N/A–cont.) N/A |
5.31 W ST all points/
2.66 W ST per point |
N/A 4.9 |
N/A |
14.75 ST 542 ST point |
N/A |
48.77 ST all points/
48.9 ST per point |
| Choi et al., 2017 [38] |
Nr 1064 Nr Nr |
Nr | Nr/Nr | Nr | Nr/ Nr |
10 min. 12 sessions 3 x/weeks 4 weeks |
Nr | Nr | Nr | Nr | Nr | 1.378 (Nr if SC or ST) |
|
| Conte et al., 2009 [39] |
Pulsed Nd:YAG Nr B |
Nr | Nr/Nr | Nr/Nr | 18–20/ 72–80/ 3000/ 3071–3080/ Nr/ |
Nr | Nr | Nr/Nr | Nr Nr |
Nr | Nr Nr |
0.66; 0.71; 0.76 SC |
0.66 (Nr if per point or all points) |
| Dundar et al., 2015 [40] | Pulsed- Nd:YAG 1064 B |
3.8 kW | 10–40/ 120–150 |
0.456 J–
0.57 J |
10/ 60/ 1000/ 1060/ 15,900 |
6 s/ 18 s/ 882 s/ 15 min. 15 sessions 5 x/weeks 3 weeks |
(4.56–22.8 W)
1.13 SC |
3.33 ST all points
1.67 ST per point |
100 0.2 |
11.3 SC
|
2775 ST
8 350 ST point |
0.36; 0.41; 0.51 SC |
50 ST all points/ 0.61 ST per point |
| Ekici et al., 2021 [46] | Pulsed Nd:YAG 1064 B |
3 kW | 10–40/ 120–150 |
0.36 J–
0.45 J |
5.51/ 33.1/ 996/ 1029.2/ 15,438 |
6 s/ 36 s/ 864 s/ 15 min 15 sessions 5 x/week 3 weeks |
10.5 W 1.15 SC |
0.92 ST all points
0.92 ST per point |
100 0.2 |
11.5 SC |
575 ST
4600 ST point |
0.36; 0.41; 0.51 SC |
27.6 ST all points/ 0.61 ST per point |
| Fiore et al., 2011 [41] |
Pulsed- Nd:YAG 1064 B |
1 kW | Nr/ less than 150 |
Nr | Nr/ Nr/ Nr/ 2600/ 39,000 |
Nr/ Nr/ Nr/ 10 min. 15 sessions 5 x/weeks 3 weeks |
(6 W) ? SC |
? ST all points/ ? ST per point |
100 0.2 |
Nr | Nr | 0.71 (for all treatments Nr values of SC and ST phase) |
|
| Gocevska et al., 2019 [42] |
CW Nr 940 nm SC |
Nr | Nr/ Nr |
N/A | N/A/ N/A/ 2400/ 2400/ 24,000 |
N/A/ N/A/ 15 min/ 15 min 10 sessions 5 x/weeks 2 weeks |
4 W | N/A | Nr N/A |
Nr | N/A | 1.5 SC | N/A |
Legend: SC: Scanning mode; ST: Stationary (point-to-point) mode; B: Both SC and ST modes; CPT: Conservative physiotherapy treatment; EX: Therapeutic Exercises; HILT: High-intensity laser therapy; MLS: Multiwave Locked System; MODQ: Modified Oswestry Disability Questionnaire; MPS: Myofascial pain syndrome; MSK: Musculoskeletal; MT: Medical therapy agents; NDI: Neck disability index; NS-CLBP: Non-specific low back pain; NP: Neck pain; ODI; Oswestry Disability Index; Post: After the treatment; Pre: Before the treatment; RDQ: Roland disability questionnaire; SL: Sham laser (placebo laser); US: Ultrasound treatment; VAS: visual analogue scale; wFu: weeks of follow-up. Entries in bold were not reported/unavailable and were calculated or assumed by our team.